• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.204-212
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• 2023

Background: Isotopes of the projectile may be produced along the beam path during the irradiation of a target by a heavy ion due to inelastic interactions with the media. This study analyzed the production cross-section of carbon (C) and Helium (He) projectile's isotopes resulting from the interactions of these beams with different materials along the beam path. Materials and Methods: In this study, we transport C and He ion beams through different materials. This transportation was made by the Monte Carlo simulation. Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) has been used for this calculation. Results and Discussion: It has been found that ¹⁰C, ¹¹C, and ¹³C from the ¹²C ion beam and ³He from the ⁴He ion beam are significant projectile's isotopes that have higher flux than other isotopes of these projectiles. The ⁴He ion beam has a higher projectile's isotope production cross-section along the beam path, which adds more impurities to the beam than the ¹²C ion beam. These projectile's isotopes from both the ¹²C and ⁴He ion beams have higher production cross-sections in hydrogenous materials like water or polyethylene. Conclusion: It is important to distinguish these projectile's isotopes from the primary beam particles to obtain a precise and accurate cross-section result by minimizing the error during measurement with a nuclear track detector. This study will show the trend of the production probability of projectile's isotopes for these ion beams.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2018

This article presents clean core criticality calculations and control rod worth calculations for TRIGA (Training, Research, Isotope production-General Atomics) Mark II research reactor benchmark cores using Winfrith Improved Multi-group Scheme-D/4 (WIMS-D/4) and Program for Reactor In-core Analysis using Diffusion Equation (PRIDE) codes. Cores 133 and 134 were analyzed in 2-D (r, ${\theta}$) and 3-D (r, ${\theta}$, z), using WIMS-D/4 and PRIDE codes. Moreover, the influence of cross-section data was also studied using various libraries based on Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF/B-VI.8 and VII.0), Joint Evaluated Fission and Fusion File (JEFF-3.1), Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (JENDL-3.2), and Joint Evaluated File (JEF-2.2) nuclear data. The simulation results showed that the multiplication factor calculated for all these data libraries is within 1% of the experimental results. The reactivity worth of the control rods of core 134 was also calculated with different homogenization approaches. A comparison was made with experimental and reported Monte Carlo results, and it was found that, using proper homogenization of absorber regions and surrounding fuel regions, the results obtained with PRIDE code are significantly improved.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권9호
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• pp.3291-3300
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• 2023

Recently molybdenum alloys have been introduced as accident tolerating materials for cladding of fuel rods. Molybdenum element has seven stable isotopes with different neutron absorption cross section used in various fields, including nuclear physics and radioisotope production. This study presents separation approaches for all intermediate isotopes of molybdenum element by squared-off cascades using a newly developed numerical code with Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) optimization algorithm. The parameters of cascade including feed flow rate, feed entry stage, cascade cut, input feed flow rate to gas centrifuges (GCs), and cut of the first stage are optimized to maximize both isotope recovery and cascade capacity. The squared off and squared cascades are studied, and the efficiencies are compared. The results obtained from the optimization showed that for the selected squared off cascade, Mo⁹⁴ in four separation steps, Mo⁹⁵ in five steps, Mo⁹⁶ in six steps, Mo⁹⁷ in seven steps, and Mo⁹⁸ in two steps are separated to the desired concentrations. The highest recovery factor is obtained 63% for Mo⁹⁴ separation and lowest recovery factor is found 45% for Mo⁹⁵.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.148-154
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• 1971

원자로를 여러가지 불연속적 방법으로 가동시킬 때 얻어지는 방사성동위원소의 생성량을 구하는 식을 안출하였다. 특히 현재 우리나라 원자로의 가동조건인 월요일부터 목요일까지 매일 평균 8.2시간을 가동하고 금요일과 일요일은 가동치 않고 토요일은 평균 3.2시간으로 가동하는 조건을 중점적으로 다루었다. 이 경우의 activity를 구하는 식은 생성동위원소가 제 2의 핵반응으로 소실되지 않을 경우에는 (equation omitted) 가 된다. 여기서 A: activity (dps), $\Phi$: 중성자속(n $cm^{-2}$ sec$^{-1}$), No: 조사되기전 원자수, $\sigma$: 방사화단면적($\textrm{cm}^2$), λ: 생성방사성동위원소의 붕괴상수($hr^{-1}$), t： 조사하기 시작해서 끄집어낼 때까지의 시간(hr), n: 조사일수, m:금요일이 처음 나타날 때까지의 조사일 수, s, r, q: 조사기간중 금요일, 토요일 및 일요일이 나타난수를 각각 뜻한다. 윗식은 거의 고정항들로 구성되 있으므로 각 동위원소에 대해 이 고정항들을 계산하여 그 값을 구해 도표를 만들어 이 식이 보다 편리하게 이용되도록 하였다.