• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2008

Purpose : Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is recognized to be the most difficult pathogen to control and treat in pediatric burn centers. We analyzed the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of A. baumannii in our pediatric burn intensive care unit during the past 7 years. Methods : We retrospectively evaluated 56 patients (105 samples) under the age 15 years and who were infected with A. baumannii between January 1999 and December 2005. Results : Fot the 56 patients, the ratio of males to females was 1.15:1 and the median age was 48.3 months. The sites of 105 isolates were wounds (65%), sputum (20%), blood (6 %), cutdown tips (5%), endo-tip tubes (2%) and urine (2%). A. baumannii presented yearround. The annual antimicrobial resistance rate increased and the multidrug resistant rate for two or more antibiotics was 93.33%. For 3 patients in whom resistance emerged, the interval period between the susceptible and resistant strains after antibiotic use was a mean of 10 days. The A. baumannii isolated from blood were all multi-drug resistant pathogens. Conclusion : Multidrug resistance of A. baumannii is increasing. Strict infection control guidelines and active surveillance are needed for the prevention and treatment of A. baumannii in hospitals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.906-911
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• 1999

This study was to determine whether DNA 'Comet Assay' can be applied to the detection of grains irradiated with low doses of Co-60 gamma radiation. Sesame, perilla, wheat, barley and rice were exposed to different doses of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 kGy. The cells isolated from the samples were embedded in a agarose gel on a microscope slide, lysed in lysis solution, and subjected to electrophoresis. DNA and its fragments migrated in the gel produced the characteristic pattern of DNA comet, of which the tail length was measured in a microscope. All the samples irradiated at 0.3 kGy and higher were applicable to detect post-irradiation by the tail length of their comets. Irradiated samples showed comets with long tails and their tail length increased with the dose, while unirradiated samples showed no or very short tails. Especially, sesame, perilla and wheat irradiated at 0.1 kGy could be distinguished from unirradiated samples by visual inspection of the slide in a microscope. Thus, DNA 'Comet Assay' might be applied to the detection of irradiated grains as a simple, inexpensive and rapid screening test.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2016

Background: Rhizobacteria play an important role in plant defense and could be promising sources of biocontrol agents. This study aimed to screen antagonistic bacteria and develop a biocontrol system for root rot complex of Panax notoginseng. Methods: Pure-culture methods were used to isolate bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of notoginseng plants. The identification of isolates was based on the analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences. Results: A total of 279 bacteria were obtained from rhizosphere soils of healthy and root-rot notoginseng plants, and uncultivated soil. Among all the isolates, 88 showed antagonistic activity to at least one of three phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Phoma herbarum mainly causing root rot disease of P. notoginseng. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing, the antagonistic bacteria were characterized into four clusters, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetesi. The genus Bacillus was the most frequently isolated, and Bacillus siamensis (Hs02), Bacillus atrophaeus (Hs09) showed strong antagonistic activity to the three pathogens. The distribution pattern differed in soil types, genera Achromobacter, Acidovorax, Brevibacterium, Brevundimonas, Flavimonas, and Streptomyces were only found in rhizosphere of healthy plants, while Delftia, Leclercia, Brevibacillus, Microbacterium, Pantoea, Rhizobium, and Stenotrophomonas only exist in soil of diseased plant, and Acinetobacter only exist in uncultivated soil. Conclusion: The results suggest that diverse bacteria exist in the P. notoginseng rhizosphere soil, with differences in community in the same field, and antagonistic isolates may be good potential biological control agent for the notoginseng root-rot diseases caused by F. oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Panax herbarum.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2000

Objectives : The effects of cotreatment of adriamycin and ethanol extract of herb (Palgin-tang hab Hwajuck-hwan a traditional medicine for cancer treatment in oriental medicine) on the induction of apoptotic cell death were investigated in human liver origin cell lines, Chang. Methods : Chang(ATCC) liver cells were cultured in RPMI-1640(Gibco SRL Co, Gaithersburg, MD) badge including 10% fetal bovine serum. Chang liver cells were treated with various concentrations(from 10 to $0.16{\mu}l$) of adriamycin and herb extract(from 500 to $31.25{\mu}l$) After 48h later, the cells were tested for viability by Crystal violet staining assay. Adriamycin and Herb extract induced ladder pattern of DNA fragmentation in Chang cells. Genomic DNA was isolated and separated on 1.5% agarose gels. The DNA was stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV light. Results : The death of Chang cells was synergistically induced by the cotreatment of adriamycin and ethanol extract of herb. In addition, the cotreatment-induced cell death of Chang cells was mediated by apoptotic death signal processes. The phosphotransferase activity of JNK1 remained in a basal level in Chang cells which was treated individually with the adriamycin and ethanol extract of herb. However, it was markedly increased in Chang cells which was cotreated with adriamycin and ethanol extract of herb. In addition, the expression of Fas and FasL was markedly induced by the cotreatment of adriamycin and herb extract. For a while, the expression of Sax was a eminently increased by the ethanol extract of herb. However, Scl2 expression was not affected by the individual or cotreatment of adriamycin and herb extract. Conclusions : our results suggest that the cotreatment of adriamycin aM ethanol extract of herb induces synergistic apoptotis of human liver origin Chang cells via the upregulation of JNK, Fas, FasL and Bax.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 1991

Each of SPF mice(Scl: ICR strain, 3-week-old males) was inoculated with 5$\times$104 oocysts of Cryptosporidium by stomach tube. The oocysts were large type one which was previously isolated from Korean mice, and passaged in 3-week-old SPF mice. The patterns of oocyst discharge were monitored daily, and in order to observe the ultrastructure of developmental stages the stomach of the mice was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at 4 weeks post-inoculation. The prepatent period for 6 mice was 5.6 days post-inoculation on the average, and the patent period was 63.2 days. The number of oocysts discharged per day from the mice reached peak on day 36.6 post-inoculation on the average. A large number of oocysts were found in fecal samples obtained from inoculated mice on days 30~50 post-inoculation. C. tsuris was larger than C. parvum at almost every developmental stages, the sixte difference being 1.4 times in oocysts, 2.4 times in sporozoites, 1.6 times in merozoites, and 1.5 times in microgametes. The ultrastructural features of the attachment site of C. tsuris to the mucus cells were remarkably different from those of C. parvum and its closely related species. The anterior projection of the protozoa (C. muris), the outer aspect of which was surrounded by a thick filamentous process of the host cell, has not been reported at any developmental stages of C. parvum or its closely related species. The size of the oocysts of strain RN 66 was larger than that of Korean mice origin. The above results reveal that the large type Cryptosporidium of Korean mice origin is identified as Cryptosporidium muris and this type was named as C. muris (strain MCR).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2014

In eukaryotes, proteins that are secreted into ER are post-translationally modified by N-glycosylation, the patterns of which are significantly different between plant and animal cells. Biotechnology industry has already produced a number of therapeutic glycoproteins in plant cells. However, the aberrant glycosylation of therapeutic recombinant proteins in plant systems can cause immune problems in humans. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies for producing non-glycosylated forms to preserve biological activity and native conformation by a peptide: N-glycanase (PNGase). In this study, we try to isolate PNGase T gene from tomato, which can use as a platform plant for biotechnology industry. We isolated a cDNA (GenBank Accession number KM401550) from tomato leaves with 1,767 bp, which encoded a polypeptide of 588 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 65.8 kDa. We also investigated the expression patterns of PNGase T during fruit ripening of tomato. The transcripts of PNGase T, which were constitutively induced in tomato fruit from green stage, were significantly increased and reached a peak at orange stage. After which, those transcripts were continuously reduced. The expression pattern of PNGase T was coincided well with transcripts profiles of metacaspase gene, LeMCA, and senescence-related gene members of ACC synthase, LeACS2, LeACS4, and LeACS6, for ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening. These results suggest that PNGase T is involved in a de-glycosylation process associated with senescence and fruit ripening.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 2003

Purpose : Group A streptococci(GAS) was isolated from the patients with acute pharyngitis. Epidemiological studies using T typing and emm genotyping was performed for GAS and compared with the results of the carriers. Methods : Throat cultures were taken from 246 children(123 boys, 123 girls) from November, 2001 to May, 2002 who visited a pediatrician's office located in Jinju, Gyeongnam province. T types were identified with slide agglutination and emm genotypes were identified with DNA sequencing after amplification of emm genes. Results : One hundred thirty(52.8%) out of 246 children yielded beta-hemolytic streptococci, of which 96.1% were group A. Children from 4 to 7 years old comprised 70.4% of the GAS positive group. T12 were the most common(35.2%) and T non-typeable strains were the next(30.4%). emm12 was most frequent(28.5%), and emm75(18.7%), emm22(13.0%), emm2(12.2%), and emm8(8.1%) were relatively common. Conclusion : Since GAS is so highly prevalent in acute pharyngitis, indeed being half of the population, good clinical practice dictates the systematic employment of throat culture for acute pharyngitis before prescribing antibiotics in a pediatric setting. The distribution of the T antigens and emm genes showed similar pattern between the acute pharyngitis and the carriers.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1998

Characteristics and distribution of the natural commensal flora in the surrounding environment and tissues of clam in Hadong area were studied under varying conditions of growth media and incubation temperatures. Total numbers of bacteria present in intestinal tract, gill, body fluid and surrounding mud were found to be not influenced by the used BHIA, STA and SNA media. Although the growth rate of bacteria at the condition of $15^{\circ}C$ incubation temperature was slower than that of $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$, it showed the highest number of total bacteria compared with other two different conditions of incubation temperature. Interestingly, the proportion of bacteria able to form colony on several selective media was higher in replica analysis from nutrient media to selective media than that in direct smearing from samples. The generic diversity of bacteria isolated from the tissues and analyzed by API 20E and API 20NE kit showed similar pattern with each other and distinct from that of environment. The distribution of bacteria in the surrounding mud or mantle fluid of clam indicated a high diversity comparable to that found for the gill or intestinal tract microflora, with Pseudomonas being the prevalent group. It implies that the tissues of clam may probide a selective habitat for a commensal microflora.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.261-266
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• 1995

The survival and growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in fish homogenates (flounder, shrimp and oyster homogenate) and tryptic soy broth (TSB) were tested during storage at simulated ambient (35$^{\circ}C$), refrigerated (5$^{\circ}C$) and frozen (-20$^{\circ}C$) temperature. A similar growth pattern of S. aureus at 35$^{\circ}C$ was observed in fish homogenates and TSB. Survival of S. aureus decreased at refrigerated or frozen temperature and that was greater at -20$^{\circ}C$ (0.3-1.2 log reduction/6 weeks) than at 5$^{\circ}C$ (1-1.6 log reduction/3 weeks). Viable cells of L. monocytogenes increased rapidly at 35$^{\circ}C$ in flounder homogenate, shrimp homogenate and TSB but after a prolonged lag period in oyster homogenate. During 3 weeks of storage at 5$^{\circ}C$, the levels of L. monocytogenes increased 3.8-5.0 log cycles in flounder homogenate, shrimp homogenate and TSB whereas levels increased 2.2 log cycles in oyster homogenate. Viable cells of L. monocytogenes during 6 weeks of frozen storage decreased 1.5-1.8 log cycles in flounder homogenate, shrimp homogenate and TSB while decreased 2.8 log cycles in oyster homogenate.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.949-969
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the share of global citizenship education in the 2009 Revised Social Studies (geography area) School Curriculum of the Republic of Korea. I selected the achievement standards of the geography domain in the fifth and sixth grades as the subjects of analysis. The chosen subjects were examined using content analysis: I used KrKwic, a Korean language content analysis tool, to analyze the content and drew a semantic network of the analysis results using UciNet/NetDraw. I found that the geography domain of the 2009 Revised Primary School Curriculum included the concepts of and factors of global citizenship education. However, global citizenship education did not account for a major portion of the curriculum, and the curriculum achievement standards were noticeably nation-state centered. Global citizenship education factors were not closely associated with to other related factors in fact, they even revealed a isolated pattern. These findings suggest that the inclusion of global citizenship education in primary geography education is limited, because the connections between global citizenship education and related contents, such as the environment, sustainable development, conflict, and cooperation, are probably impeded. Globalization accompanies the transformation of territories, identities, and the relations between nation-states and the world, although nation-states continue to play a significant role in the globalized worlds. Therefore global citizenship education, a educational trend focusing on the global community, is particularly important and is required in the geography curriculum of the global era. I expect that the examination undertaken in this study to contribute to future curriculum revisions regarding globalizatin and global citizenship.