• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2024

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.679-691
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• 1985

Ninety patients underwent mitral valvular heart surgery associated with or without aortic valve surgery and subjected to a clinical study in relation to their control of postoperative atrial fibrillation. There were 26 males and 64 females ranged in age from 16 to 56 years with a mean of 35.2 years. Systemic arterial embolizations were observed in 11 patients [12.2%]. Four patients of them were in normal sinus rhythm and 7 in atrial fibrillation. Out of these, left atrial thrombi were found only in 2 at the operation. Intraoperatively confirmed left atrial thrombi were in 16 patients [17.7%] of all 90 patients: Eleven patients occurred at the age of more than 40 years, 14 were in atrial fibrillation and 2 only had previous episodes of systemic arterial embolization. Sixty three patients underwent isolated mitral valve surgery [OMC 28, MVR 35] and 27 patients associated with aortic valve surgery along with mitral valve [OMC+AVR 13, MVR+AVR 14]. Preoperatively, 44 patients [48.9%] were in normal sinus rhythm. Of them, 35 patients [79.5%] revealed normal sinus rhythm thoroughly after operation without any aid of digitalis or quinidine and 5 patients [11.4%] restored normal sinus rhythm with digitalization alone. Other 3 patients converted to normal sinus rhythm with the addition of quinidine, however, in 1 patient who was resistant to quinidine therapy, electrocardioversion was carried out on the postoperative third week showing normal sinus rhythm. Thus, the most atrial fibrillations that occurred for the first time in the postoperative period, were able to reverted to normal sinus rhythm responding well to antiarrhythmic therapy. Preoperatively, 46 patients [51.1%] were in atrial fibrillation. Of them, only 5 patients returned to sinus rhythm after operation without any aid of digitalis or quinidine and other 5 restored normal sinus rhythm with digitalization: namely 2 restored within early postoperative period and 3 after more than 3 months. Eight patients well responded to quinidine therapy showing normal Sinus rhythm. So far, 25 patients have remained in persistent atrial fibrillation on 6 to 36 months follow-up. In view of these, 17 patients [68%] were over 40 years of age, 22[80%] had long duration of symptom over 5 years and 10[40%] have had atrial thrombi before operation. Left atrial dimension were still more than 40mm in 21 patients on follow up M-mode echocardiogram. One month after operation, 87 hospital survivors were improved by at least one functional NYHA class. There were 3 operative deaths [3.3%, bleeding 1, LCOS 2] and 4 late deaths [LCOS 1, valve thrombosis 1, late bleeding 1, fulminant hepatitis 1] during follow-up period. According to our limited experience, we may conclude that better results will be expected with the addition of quinidine therapy judiciously in the cases of postoperative persistent atrial fibrillation who were aged or had longer history of symptom and left atrial thrombi.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1161-1167
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• 1991

The study consisted of all patients undergoing surgical repair of isolated secundum type atrial septal defect in patients ages 35 years or older for the period from October 1986 to October 1991. ASD was closed with direct suture in all patients. Response to surgery was excellent. Two patients who had atrial fibrillation was taken low-dose warfarin therapy to prevent stroke. All patients survived operation, and improved by at least one New York Heart Association functional classification. An old age was not a contraindication to surgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1318-1326
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• 1992

Backgroud. To determine the influence of age at operation upon surgical outcome in patients with isolated secundum atrial septal defect, retrospective clinical analysis was done. Material and method. From June, 1976 to December, 1991, 146 patients, 63 male and 83 female patients ranging in age from 13 months to 56 years, were operated on for isolated secundum atrial septal defect. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to their age at operation: Group I [<20 years old], 91 patients[62.3%]; Group II [21 to 40 years old], 44 patients[30.1%]; GroupIII[>41 years old], 11 patients[7.6%]. Significant differences in clinical features, hemodynamic function, early and late results between age groups were speculated. Results. One hundred thirty-one patients[89.6%] were symptomatic at the time of operation, the most common symptoms being dyspnea on exertion, recurrent respiratory infection, palpitation and chest pain. Patients in NYHA class III or IV were 3.3% in group I, 25% in groupIII, and 54.5% in group Ill. Hemodynamic data was available for 138 patients [94.5%]. Significant pulmonary hypertension [MPA systolic pressure $^3$ 40mmHg] was noted in 22 patients [15.9%]. Patients with pulmonary vascular disease [Rp/Rs>1.25] were 2% in group I, 7.3% in group Il, and 9.1% in groupIII. But there were no significant differences between the age groups in the size of the shunt or the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow. Atrial septal defects were closed with direct suture in 144 patients and patch repair was performed in 2 patients with high defect. Atrial arrhythmia [8.2%] was the most common postoperative complication. The mean [LSD] duration of follow-up in all patients was 16$\pm$22 months [range, 1~96 months]. Functional result was excellent regardless of the age groups. During follow-up period, late cardiovascular events were arrhythmia [7 cases], reoperation for recurrent ASD [2 cases], and premature late death due to bacterial endocarditis [1 case]. Incidence of preoperative and late atrial fibrillation was significantly higher in older age group. Conclusion. Age at operation is one of the most important predictor of early and late surgical outcome with its impact on the following factors : 1] hemodynamic alterations and ventricular dysfunction due to longstanding volume and pressure overload, 2] pulmonary vascular disease, and 3] atrial arrhythmia including atrial fibrillation as a result of atrial dilatation. Therefore, among patients with surgically repaired atrial septal defects, those operated on over the age of 20 require careful supervision on the long-term basis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.231-243
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• 1984

Despite its known limitation in the diagnostic value, the electrocardiography is one of the most common and routine examinations in the management of the patients with cardiac problems. The clinical results of 291 patients who underwent isolated mitral valve replacement from October 1978 to June 1983 were already reported. Their electrocardiograms were studied to assess the value of electrocardiographic examination in following the patients after valve replacement. The patients were divided into 5 groups beforehand according to the types of valve lesion on the bases of preoperative diagnosis and operative findings: Groups I: stenosis, I1: stenosis-dominant mixed, II1: equally mixed, IV: insufficiency-dominant mixed, and V: insufficiency. Their preoperative cardiac rhythm was sinus in 39.2% and atrial fibrillation in 59.1% of the patients. Seventy-three [42.4%] of the patients with atrial fibrillation gained sinus rhythm after operation, occurring in 67 from the day of surgery, and 42 returned to atrial fibrillation while 37 kept sinus rhythm at the follow-up end [mean follow-up period, 13.4\ulcorner1.4 months]. The P waves on the electrocardiograms of the preoperative sinus rhythm in 114 patients were normal in 5.3% and the findings of left atrial enlargement in 94.7% of the cases. They were normal in 42.1% and the findings of left atrial enlargement in 57.9% of the 140 patients with sinus rhythm at the follow-up. The preoperative major chamber enlargement was the right ventricle in Group I while it was the left ventricle in Group V, and it was in-between in Groups II-IV. The postoperative regression of the findings in ventricular enlargement was statistically significant only in Groups I and V. These results may suggest the importance of the serial electrocardiograms in following the patients with mitral valve replacement on the bases of outpatient. The electrocardiographic follow-up data were presented in patients with suspected or proved tissue valve failures.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.710-717
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• 2008

배경: 심방 세동은 뇌혈관 사고, 말초 동맥 색전증 같은 합병증과 많은 연관이 되어 있고 무엇보다도 만성적으로 이 부정맥을 가지고 있는 환자들은 가슴 두근거림과 깜짝 놀램 증상 등이 있어서 환자의 삶의 질을 많이 떨어뜨린다. 이 논문의 목적은 본 교실에서 시행해 온 변형된 Maze술 식의 중장기 결과를 내고 이에 영향을 주는 요인들을 조사하는데 있다. 대상 및 방법: 2001년 6월부터 2007년 2월까지 88명을 대상으로 조사를 하였고 모두 본 교실에서 냉동절제(cryoabation)을 이용한 변형된 Maze술 식을 받았다. 냉동절제로 폐정맥 부분을 분리하는 방법에 따라 두 그룹으로 나누었고, 첫 번째 그룹은 58명(group 1, Lee-Maze, n=58)으로 우측 폐정맥은 절개 및 봉합으로 좌측 폐정맥은 냉동절제로 분리하였고, 두 번째 그룹은 30명(group 2, Cryo-Maze, n=30)으로 좌측 및 우측 폐정맥 부분 모두를 냉동 절제로만 시행하였다. 술 후 퇴원 시 동율동 전환 여부와 추적 관찰에서의 동율동 유지 및 심방 세동의 재발, 그리고 마지막 추적 관찰시의 심장리듬을 알아보았다. 결과: 모든 환자의 추적 관찰 기간은 평균 $44.3{\pm}19.2$개월이었고, 퇴윈 시 리듬은 group 1 (Lee-Maze)에서는 동율동이 72.4%에서 나타났고 group 2 (Cryo-Maze)에서는 66.7%가 관찰되었다. 마지막 추적 관찰 시 리듬은 group 1에서 81%, group 2에서는 60%에서 심방 세동이 재발하지 않았다. 그리고 Kaplan-Meier방법으로 분석을 해 보았을 때 심방 세동 재발로부터의 자유률(% Free from AF)은 group 1에서 1년 86.5%, 5년 80%였고, group 2에서는 1년 70%, 5년 51%였다. 결론: 냉동 절제를 이용한 변형된 Maze술은 단순하고 효과적인 수술이지만, 표준적 MazeIII 술 보다는 다소 낮은 성공률을 보이고 있다. 냉동 절제를 이용한 변형된 방법은 수술 시간이 단축될 수 있으나 성공률을 높이기 위해서는 더욱 많은 연구와 노력이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.378-387
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• 2022

Background: Atrial fibrillation (Afib) is a marker of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Owing to the increased prevalence of Afib in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, assessing the effect of Afib on postsurgical outcomes is important. We aimed to analyze the effect of preoperative Afib on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery using a large surgical database. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was based on the national health claims database established by the National Health Insurance Service of the Republic of Korea from 2009 to 2015. Diagnosis and procedure codes were used to identify diseases according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. Results: We included 1,037 patients (0.1%) who had undergone cardiac surgery from a randomized 1,000,000-patient cohort, and 15 patients (1.5%) treated with isolated surgical Afib ablation were excluded. Of these 1,022 patients, 412 (39.7%), 303 (29.2%), and 92 (9.0%) underwent coronary artery bypass, heart valve surgery, and Cox-maze surgery, respectively. Preoperative Afib was associated with higher patient mortality (p=0.028), regardless of the surgical procedure. Patients with preoperative Afib (n=190, 18.6%) experienced a higher cumulative risk of overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.435; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.263-2.107; p=0.034). Subgroup analysis revealed a reduced risk of overall mortality with Cox-maze surgery in Afib patients (HR, 0.500; 95% CI, 0.266-0.938; p=0.031). Postoperative cerebral ischemia or hemorrhage events were not related to Afib. Conclusion: Preoperative Afib was independently associated with worse long-term postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery. Concomitant Cox-maze surgery may improve the survival rate.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2009

배경: 심방세동은 관상동맥우회로술후 흔히 발생하는 합병증으로, 대부분 일시적이고 양호한 경과를 보이나, 혈전색전증의 위험성을 증가시키며, 유병률의 증가와 재원기간의 증가로 인하여 의료비용의 증가를 초래할 수 있다. 대상 및 방법: 1994년 1월 1일부터 2007년 12월 31일까지 단독관상동맥우회술을 시행한 190명의 환자 중 수술 후 심방세동이 발생한 군(1군: n=139)과 발생하지 않은 군(2군: n=51)을 나누어 수술 후 심방세동 발생율, 환자의 특성, 수술관련 인자 및 수술 후 심방세동 발생으로 인한 결과를 의무기록을 토대로 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 수술 후 심방세동의 발생율은 26.8%였으며, 퇴원전까지 정상동방결절리듬으로 회복된 경우는 82.4%였고, 심방세동 발생 환자의 82.4%는 수술 후 3일 이내에 발생하였다. 술후 심방세동군에서는 나이가 유의하게 많았으며, 대동맥겸자 차단시간의 차이는 없었으나, 대동맥 겸차차단 해제시 자발적으로 정상 심전도를 회복하지 못한 경우가 많았으며, 체외순환시간이 더 긴 것으로 나타났다. 수술후 베타차단제의 사용이 심방세동의 발생을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 재원기간의 차이는 없었으나, 중환자실 체류기간은 심방세동군에서 유의하게 길었다. 다변량 분석에서는 연령, 대동맥겸차 해제후 자발적 심박동 회복여부, 중환자실 재원기간 및 술후 베타 차단제의 사용이 유의한 인자로 분석되었다. 결론: 관상동맥우회로술후 심방세동은 매우 흔한 합병증으로 유병률이 증가되며, 중환자실 재원기간의 증가를 초래한다. 따라서, 술후 심방세동의 발생을 예방하기 위한 조치들이 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 특별한 금기사항이 없다면, 술후 베타 차단제를 적극적으로 사용하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.599-605
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• 1996

연세대학교심장혈관 센터에서는 1990년 1월 부터 1994년 12월까지 281명의 관상동맥 우회로수술을 시행하였으며 이중 수술전 심방세동이 있던 환자,판막질환 수술 및 심근경색의 합병증의 수술을 병행 하였던 환자 32명을 제외한 249명에 대해 수술전,수술시 및 수술후 심방세동 발생의 위험요인에 대해 분석하였다. 대상환자의 연령은 24세에서 78세 사이로 평균 58.2$\pm$9.)세 였으며,남자가 182명, 여자가 67명 이었 다. 제 1군에 속하는 환자는 38명(15%) 이 었고 제 2군에 속하는 환자는 211명(85%) 이었다. 수술후 심방 세동이 발생한 시간은 환자가 중환자실에 도착한 후 8시간에서 336시간 사이에 발생하여 평균 59.1 $\pm$56. 9 시간 이 었으며(median time : 48 hours), 정상 동 율동으로 돌아온 시간은 심방세동이 발생한 후 1시간 에서 144시간 사이로 평균 26.7 $\pm$33.9시간이었다(median time : 12.5 hours). 퇴원시 심방세동을 보였던 모든 환자는 정상 동율동을 보였다. 심방세동이 발생하기 전과 발생한 직후 측정한 심박출계수는 발생 전 평균 3.9$\pm$ 1.1 L/min/m.에서 발생직후 3.2$\pm$ 1.1 L/min/m'로 통계 학적으로 유의하게 감소하였다(p=0. 001). 분 \ulcorner嘯\ulcorner통계학적인 유의성을 가진 변수는 univariate analysis 에서 수술전 좌심실 박출계수, triglyceride 수치, 수술후 측정한 peak CKMB isoenzyme, 심방 pacing의 여부, 입원기간 및 만기사망이 었 다. 좌심실 박출계수(p=0.025), triglyceride 수치(p=0.006) 및 peak CKMB isoenzyme(p=0.002)은 낮은 경 우에 심방세동의 발생이 증가하였으며,심방 pacing을 찬 경우에 심방세동의 발생이 증가하였다(p=0. 001). 또한 심방세동이 발생한 군에서 입원기간이 길었으며(p=0.001), 만기사망이 많았다(p=0.033). Multivariate analysis 에서 통계학적인 유의성을 보이는 변수는 수술전 체중과 심방 pacing의 여부였다. 체중은 많이 나갈수록 심방세동의 발생 이 .증가하였으며(p=0.011), 심방 pacing을 한 경우에 심방세동의 발생이 증가하였다(p=0.001). Univariate 및 multivariate analysis 에서 환자의 나이는 통계학적인 유의성 을 보이지는 않았지만 나이가 증가할수록 심방세동의 발생이 증가하는 경향을 보여주고 있다(p=0.053, p=0.064). 평균 추적기간은 30.1 $\pm$ 15.4 개월이었으며, 추적율은 98%였다. 이 기간 동안 심방세동을 보일 예는 없었다. 연구결과 수술 \ulcorner발생하는 심방세동은 어느 한가지 요인에 의해서라기 보다는 여러가지 요인이복합 적으로 작용하여 나타나는 것으로 생각된다. 또한 수술후 나타나는 심방세동은 혈동학적 인 장애를 유발 할 뿐만 아니라 입원기간을 증가시키고, 만기사망을 증가시키므로 위험요소가 있거나 위험요소가 발생 시 적극적 인 예방이나 치료가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1020-1029
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• 1988

The authors evaluated 153 patients who had undergone cardiac valve replacement between October 1979 and July 1988. The results are as follows: l. Out of 153 patients, there were 56 males and 97 females ranging from 15 to 62 years of age with a mean of 37 years. 2. Isolated mitral valve replacement took place in 82 patients, aortic valve replacement[AVR] in 16, double valve replacement[DVR] in 34, AVR combined with open mitral commissurotomy in 19, and tricuspid valve replacement[TVR] was done in 2 patients. 3. 153 patients had 187 prosthetic valves replaced with Ionescu-Shiley valves[16], Carpentier-Edwards[36], Bjork-Shiley[19], St. Jude Medical[108], and Duromedics[8]. 4. Our of 98 patients with atrial fibrillation[ 64% of a total 153 patients ] during the preoperative period, 22 patients recovered NSR[ 22/98, NSR recovery rate 22.4%] after valvular surgery and remaining 76 patients revealed persisting atrial fibrillation[76/153, 49.7% ]. 5. Preoperative episodes of systemic arterial embolization were attained in 9 patients[9/153, 6% ], and left atrial thrombi were confirmed in 22 patients intraoperatively[ 22/153, 14% ]. Of these, only one patient, however, demonstrated the correspondence of preoperative embolization and intraoperative existence of LA thrombi. 6. With mechanical prostheses, anticoagulant therapy was begun 48 hours after operation with sodium warfarin[2.5-5.0mg/day], maintaining the prothrombin time between 16 and 18 seconds or 30 to 50% of control values and continued for life. With tissue prostheses, sodium warfarin was continued for 3 to 6 months and converted into buffered ASA[ 325 mg/day ] for one year. 7. The mean follow-up for the survivors was 30.1 months, with a range from 3 months to 9 years. All suspected or confirmed thromboembolic episodes counted as events and occurred in 4 patients[ 1.04%/patient-year] with mechanical valve replacement. No persistent paralysis or death was noted. Late complications have not yet occurred in the patients with isolated MVR and AVR. 8. There were remarkable structural failures of tissue valves in 3 patients[ 1.9%/patient-year ], while no instance of failure of a mechanical valve. 9. There were 10 operative early deaths[10/153, 6.5%] and 5 late deaths[5/153, 3.3%]. Consequently, overall mortality was 9.8%[ 15/153] during follow-up period. 10. We currently favor using the St. Jude Medical valve in all patients requiring valve replacement except in those who can not take warfarin anticoagulation.