• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1579-1582
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• 2009

The reaction rates of 4-X-2,6-dinitrochlorobenzenes (X = $NO_2,\;CN,\;CF_3$) with Y-substituted pyridines (Y = 3-$OCH_3,\;H,\;3-CH_3,\;4-CH_3$) in methanol-acetonitrile mixtures were measured by conductometry at 25 ${^{\circ}C}$. It was observed that the rate constant increased in the order of X = 4-$NO_2\;>\;4-CN\;>\;4-CF_3$ and the rate constant also increased in the order of Y = 4-$CH_3\;>\;3-CH_3\;>\;H\;>\;3-OCH_3$. When the solvent composition was varied, the rate constant increased in order of MeCN > 50% MeOH > MeOH. The electrophilic catalysis by methanol may be ascribed to the formation of hydrogen bonds between alcoholic hydrogen and nitrogen of pyridines in ground state. Based on the transition parameters, ${\rho}_S,\;{\rho}_N,\;{\beta}_Y,\;{\rho}_{XY}$ and solvent effects, the reaction seems to proceed via $S_N$Ar-Ad.E mechanism. We also estimated the isokinetic solvent mixtures (${\rho}_{XY}$ = 0) based on cross-interaction constants, where the substituent effects of the substrate and nucleophile are compensated.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1293-1302
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• 2003

Rate constants at various temperatures and activation parameters are reported for solvolyses of acyl chlorides (RCOCl), with R = Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu, cyclopentylmethyl, benzyl, thiophenylmethyl, 2-phenylethyl, diphenylmethyl, and phenylthiomethyl in 100% ethanol, 100% 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), 80% v/v ethanol/ water and 97% w/w TFE/water. Additional rate constants for solvolyses with R = Me, t-Bu, and $PhCH_2$ are reported for TFE/water and TFE/ethanol mixtures, and for solvolyses with R = t-Bu, and PhCH2 are reported for 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol/water mixtures, as well as selected kinetic solvent isotope effects (MeOH/MeOD and TFE). Taft plots show that electron withdrawing groups (EWG) decrease reactivity significantly in TFE, but increase reactivity slightly in ethanol. Correlation of solvent effects using the extended Grunwald-Winstein (GW) equation shows an increasing sensitivity to solvent nucleophilicity for EWG. The effect of solvent stoichiometry in assumed third order reactions is evaluated for TFE/ethanol mixtures, which do not fit well in GW plots for R = Me, and t-Bu, and it is proposed that one molecule of TFE may have a specific role as electrophile; in contrast, reactions of substrates containing an EWG can be explained by third order reactions in which one molecule of solvent (ethanol or TFE) acts as a nucleophile, and a molecule of ethanol acts as a general base catalyst. Isokinetic relationships are also investigated.