• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.301-305
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• 2012

The amount of irrigation water can be calculated based on the irrigation schedule in irrigation manual. At present, the maximum irrigation manual, which was developed in 1999 for the maximum yield with maxmum irrigation, is using. Now the water saving irrigation manual for red pepper, without decrease of crop yield, has been developded in 45 areas of korea. Among 45 regions, 9 regions which were selected respectively from 9 Provinces of Korea, were used for this study. The water saving irrigation manual has been used easily without soil sampling and measurement of soil water status. The objective of this study is to assess the possibility of the saving of irrigation water compared to the maximum irrigation manual. The average potential evapo-transpiration (PET) during 30 years in 9 region for the red pepper cultivation was a $2.69mm\;day^{-1}$. The saving amount of irrigation water for red pepper cultivation by saving irrigation manual compared to the maximum irrigation manual in a year was 309.4 mm, 303.3 mm and 309.5 mm in the soil of Sandy Loam (SL), Loam (L) and Silty Loam (SiL), respectively. The average saving amount of irrigation water for red pepper cultivation by saving irrigation manual compared to the maximum irrigation manual in a year was 307.4 mm.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.377-386
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the disinfection efficacy of root canal irrigation method and irrigation solution in infected root canals. Access cavity were prepared in single-rooted extracted human teeth and each canals were prepared with step-back method and sterilized with ethylene oxide gas. Prepared teeth were experimentally inoculated in the canals for 30 minutes with four aerobes(Streptococcus mutans, Stapylococcus aures, Streptococcus sanguis, and E. coli) and two anaerobes(Streptoccus intermedius, and Clostrium perfringens). Normal saline, 3% $H_2O_2$, and 3% NaOCl were used as irrgation solutions. And root canals were irrigated with each irrigation solutions manually with disposible syringe or ultrasonic instument. (Apoza Uitrasonc, Taiwan). The irrigation effect on the eradication of S. aures and S. intermedius with normal saline was not similar between manual method and ultrasonic method. No significant differences were observed in the eradication of E. coli and C. perfringens among the irrigation solution and irrespective of the irrigation methods. In S. aurues and S. mutans, there was somewhat different eradication effect according to irrigation solutions, but there was no significant difference between manual method and ultrasonic methods. These results suggest that ultrasonic irrigation method with saline is more effective in some strains than manual irrigation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.306-311
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• 2012

Water management is the most important and difficult problems in red pepper cultivation.The water requirement of red pepper is different according to the area as well as climate condition, growth stage and soil texture. Also, the measurement of evapo-transpiration (PET) and crop coefficient (Kc) is very difficult especially in field cultivation. The average PET during 30 years of southern region of korea for the red pepper cultivation was a $2.75mm\;day^{-1}$. The water saving irrigation manual with irrigation interval and amount of irrigation according to growing season and soil texture, are developed based on the lysimeter experiments carried out by the RDA for 11 years about potential evapo-transpiration, crop coefficient for the 17 southern region of korea. The water saving irrigation manual can be used with easy to the farmer without soil sampling and any kinds of sensors measuring soil water status.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.812-822
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• 2010

Water management is the most important and difficult problems in crop cultivation. The farmers are doing irrigation, those when to irrigate and how much to irrigate, depending on their experiences. The irrigation manual as water saving is possible, those irrigation interval and amount of irrigation, are developed based on the lysimeter experiments carried out by the RDA for 11 years about potential evapotranspiration, crop coefficient. The manual can be used with easy to the farmer without soil sampling and any kinds of sensors measuring soil water status.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 1999.10c
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

The control system is very important for the precise operation and suitable management of irrigation system. The Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Reclamation Engineering has a committee for investigating irrigation system control. The committee is trying to set up a manual for the control system. The concept of the control system in the preparing manual will be discussed in this report.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.312-316
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• 2012

Very important factor for crop cultivation are water, nutrient and temperature. However, the essential factor for crop cultivation is water management. Water management is the most important and difficult problems in crop cultivation. The water saving irrigation manual can be used with easy to the farmer and who want automatic irrigation without soil sampling and any kinds of sensors measuring soil water status. The water requirement of red pepper cultivated in plastic film house is different according to soil texture, area as well as climate condition and growth stage. And, the measurement of potential evapo-transpiration (PET) and crop coefficient (Kc) to decide optimum irrigation schedule is very difficult. Results : The average PET during 30 years of northern region of korea for the red pepper cultivation was a $2.31mm\;day^{-1}$. The water saving irrigation manual as water saving is possible, those irrigation interval and amount of irrigation according to growing season and soil texture, are developed using the lysimeter experiments carried out by the RDA for 11 years about potential evapo-transpiration, Kc for the northern region of korea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.679-687
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• 2011

The water management of crop is different according to the area as well as climate condition and growth stage, however it is the most important and difficult problems for the farmers. The optimum irrigation manual those irrigation interval and amount of irrigation as water saving, are developed based on the lysimeter experiments carried out by the RDA for 11 years about PET (Potential Evapo-Transpiration), crop coefficient (Kc). The average PET (Potential Evapo-Transpiration) during 30 years of 45 regions for the autumn chinese cabbage cultivation was a $2.17mm\;day^{-1}$.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.20 no.A
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• pp.5-14
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• 2000

This study was conducted to cultivate a large quantity of high-quality Bonsai through the development of bottom irrigation system. Bonsai placed on the FRP bed were grown very well by bottom irrigation system compared with direct watering and sprinkler system. It was concluded that bottom irrigation system was possible to reduce considerable manual labor and produce mass production of high-quality Bonsai.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.80-83
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• 2001

In this study, we investigated irrigation effect for the paddy plot irrigated by pipeline with two types of hydrants: automatic and manual. The automatic hydrant have been introduced to the paddy field to save water and reduce the labor for water management. The automatic hydrant is automatically opened and closed according to the water depth of a paddy plot. The water management labor to close manual hydrant in the afternoon of every three days can be eliminated when we use the automatic hydrant. The water requirements for the automatic hydrant plot 3.26mm/d are much less than those for manual hydrant plot 9.99mm/d.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2023

This study was conducted to develop a precision automatic irrigation system in a nursery by considering the problems and improvements of manual and the conventional automatic irrigation system. The amount of irrigated water between the conventional automatic irrigation system and manual irrigation was 28.7 ± 4.4 g and 14.2 ± 4.3 g, respectively, and the coefficient of variation was less than 30%. However, the coefficient of variation of the conventional automatic irrigation system of 15%, was higher than that of manual irrigation of 30%. The irrigation test using the developed uniform irrigation system attached with the nozzle of a spray angle 80° and most highest uniformity was at height 600 mm. And coefficient of variation of the irrigation uniformity at the center part was within 20%, but irrigation amount of the edge part was lower 50% and over compared to the center part. As a result of a tomato grafting seedling cultivation test using the developed uniform irrigation system, the average plant height of seedling at the edge part was 28 mm but plant height at the center part was higher as 72 mm. Therefore, it was necessary to apply additional irrigation device at the edge part. The irrigation uniformity of the edge concentrated irrigation system was investigated that the irrigation amount of the edge part was irrigated by more than 50% compared with the center part, and coefficient of variation of the irrigation amount at the center part was less than 30%. As a result of a cucumber grafting seedling cultivation test using the edge concentrated irrigation system, the plant height of seedlings in the edge and central part of cultivation bed were 24% and 26%, respectively, so irrigation uniformity was higher then the uniform irrigation system. In order to improve the uniformity of seedlings, it is necessary to adjust the height of boom according to the growth of the seedling by installing a distance sensor in the overhead watering and boom irrigation system.