• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1454-1459
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• 1968

Althow underdrainage has been studied for long time, it is the first attempt in Korea to execute using PVC(Plastic) suction pipes in the low and wet field. First, an execution plot and a control plot were set, and the drainage method and soil temprature in the excuted plot have been examined. The growth of crops and the yeild, the improvement of soil and water quality of irrigation are to be dealt during the next experimental period. The experimental method and the results obtained through the experimentations are as follows: Method 1) Depth: 1meter. interval: 5meters Trench was performed by labor. 2) PVC(plastic) sucking pipe filters were wound with glass nylon. 3) Two. horizontal looks were set in the 5a. plot. Results 1) The soil temprature in the excuted plot went up by $1.2^{\circ}C$ in average than in the control plot during the two years(1966-67) of irrigation period, and the maximum temprature raised a day was $3^{\circ}C$ 2) The under ground water level in the executed plot went down by 45cm. 3) The yield increases were 64% in potato, 57% in barley, and 21% in rice. The yield, soil, and the quality of irrigated water will be experimented during the next experemental period.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2015

To improve crop productivity with optimal water management in soilless culture, the information of physical characteristics of the root medium including water behavior should be required. The objectives of this study were to analyze the physical characteristics including hydraulic properties of the root media commercially used and to analyze the relationships between actual moisture content and measured one by FDR sensor. The weight of the medium was measured by load cell for calculating the actual moisture content. The accuracy of the moisture content measured by FDR sensor was obtained by comparing with the actual one. The water holding capacity of the coir was lower than those of the rockwool due to the features of large and rough particles of the coir. The moisture content measured by FDR sensor showed large difference from the actual moisture contents measured by loadcell, indicating that the calibration of FDR sensor is needed before starting measurement. The optimum range of moisture content for irrigation control was narrow in the coir than the rockwool due to the lower water holding capacity and rehydration capability of the coir. The results of this study can be useful in establishing adequate irrigation strategies in the soilless culture.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.477-484
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• 2015

Environmental effect of water-saving irrigation on the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has not been well investigated. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of water-saving irrigation on GHGs as well as water use and rice production yield in paddy field condition in Korea. Four experimental runoff plots of 4x35 m in size were prepared at an existing paddy field. GHGs emission was measured during the 2012~2013 growing seasons while a Japonica rice variety was cultivated. Four different water management methods, 1) Continuous Flooding (CF), 2) Intermittent Drainage (ID), 3) Water Saving (WS), and 4) CF+WS, were used during a rice growing season to compare the effects of water management methods on GHGs emission. CF method is flooding all the time, ID method makes paddy water drained 40 days after transplanting for about two weeks, WS method maintains 2~3 cm water-level, which should be refilled when the water-level decreased to about 0 cm, and CF+WS method combines CF method before 30 days after transplanting (DAT) and WS method after 30 DAT. Regardless of water management methods, paddy field water was drained about 30 days before harvest. Amount of GHGs emission from WS plot was reduced by 69.3% compared to that from CF plot and by 59.0% compared to that from ID plot. Amount of GHGs emission from CF+WS plot was reduced by 60.7% compared to that from CF plot and by 47.5% compared to that from ID plot. Weed occurrence in CF+WS plots was reduced to 62.2% in comparison with the WS plot, implying that CF+WS plot showed the best effect to mitigation of the greenhouse gas emission in the atmosphere.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the behaviour of root zone environments under the control of soil temperature and tension of soil moisture near the root Bone of 'Kyoho' grapes tree grown on restricted root zone system in plastic greenhouse. Maximum diurnal air temperature inside plastic greenhouse ranged between 25.1 and 32.7$^{\circ}C$, and the average of nocturnal air temperature inside plastic greenhouse maintained at 18$^{\circ}C$ in winter season. Also the minimum diurnal relative humidity ranged between 50 and 55%, and the maximum nocturnal relative humidity ranged between 84 to 87%. At a depth of 15cm from soil surface, the average soil temperature maintained at 25.6$^{\circ}C$ for under-ground heating, and appeared to 17.4$^{\circ}C$ for unheated condition. Although the tension of soil moisture just after irrigation sharply decreased to pF 1.5, the tension of soil moisture at the depth of 15cm maintained at pF 2.0~2.2. It is suggested that the tension of soil moisture at the depth of 15cm might be used as the standard for the determination of irrigation set point. Effective drainage system is needed to prevent the spindly and succulent growth of vine trees grown in restricted root zone system.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1991

The QUAL-II E Model was applied to predict the water quality of the Mankyong drainage System, and lead to following conclusion. 1. The difference between computed and measured BOD at the M-3 (Bakgugeong) station was within 10%, indicating that the application of the QUAL-IIE Model for the prediction of water quality was satisfactory thus far. 2. The application of the model states that the discharge of concentrated pollutants at the M-1 station on the Jeonju stream, located 41Km upstream from the estuary, causes the worst problems. The sluice which extends residence time and enlarges watery surface improves water quality by a Self-purification process at the M-3 station, 28km upstream from the estuary. 3. The accuracy of the model diminished when this model was applied on the estuary downstream of the sluice. Hence, the application of the model on the estuary needs to be used with caution. 4. Among the conputed water quality parameters, BOD is the worst problem. At the M-3 station, BOD is computed to be 26.6 mg/1 in 1996, 30.7 mg/1 in 2,001, 33.0 mg/l in 2006, and 37.5 mg/1 in 2011. When preventive measures against water pollution are not properly exercised, severe problems in irrigation and water resources are expected. This study will be of used in the selection of irrigation water intake points, the criteria of effluent treatment, the management of water resources, and the establishment of water quality managemont policy.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.105-118
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of profile disturbance with different artificial accumulation history on physico-chemical properties of soil under plastic film house. The investigations included soil profile description using soil column cylinder auger F10cm x h110cm, in situ and laboratory measurements of soil properties at five sites each at the cucumber (Site Ic ~ Vc) and grape (Site Ig ~ Vg) plastic film houses with artificial soil accumulation. The sites except sites Ic, IVc, IVg and Vg, belong to ex-paddy area. The types of accumulates around root zone included sandy loam soil for 3 sites, loam soil for 1 site, saprolite for 2 sites, and multi-layer with different accumulates for 3 sites. Especially, Site IIg has mixed plow zone (Ap horizon) with original soil and saprolite, whereas disturbed soil layers of the other sites are composed of only external accumulates. The soil depth disturbed by artificial accumulation ranged from 20 cm, for Site IIg, to whole measured depth of 110 cm, for Site IVc, Vc, and Site IVg. Elapsed time from artificially accumulation to investigation time ranged from 3 months, Site IIc, to more than 20 years, Site Vg, paddy-soil covering over well-drained upland soil during land leveling in 1980s. Disturbed top layer in all sites except Site Vg had no structure, indicating low structural stability. In situ infiltration rate had no correlation with texture or organic matter content, but highest value with highest variability in Site IIIc, the shortest elapsed time since sandy loam soil accumulation. Relatively low infiltration rate was observed in sites accumulated by saprolite with coarse texture, presumably because its low structural stability in the way of weathering process could result in relatively high compaction in agro-machine work or irrigation. In all cucumber sites, there were water-transport limited zone with very low permeable or impermeability within 50 cm under soil surface, but Site IIg, IIIg, and Vg, with relatively weak disturbance or structured soil, were the reverse. We observed the big change in texture and re-increase of organic matter content, available phosphate, and exchangeable cations between disturbed layer and original soil layer. This study, therefore, suggest that the accumulation of coarse material such as saprolite for cultivating cash crop under plastic film house might not improve soil drainage and structural stability, inversely showing weaker disturbance of original soil profile with higher drainage.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.344-355
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• 2003

Water quality model applicable paddy field was developed using field experiment during 1999 ${\sim}$ 2002. This model involves inputs from fertilization and sediment release as dirac delta function and continuous source function, respectively, and can simulate various processes such as ponded depth, surface drainage, total nitrogen concentration and total phosphorus concentration in a daily basis. The model was calibrated using data collected from field experiments which was irrigated with ground water and validated from field experiments which was irrigated with surface water. The nutrient concentration of surface water depended on the fertilization and dirac delta function can efficiently explain the valiance of nutrient concentration of surface water by fertilizer. As a result of calibration and validation, this model demonstrates good agreement. The model fit efficiencies ($R^2$) of ponded depth, surface concentration of TN and TP were 0.93,0.98 and 0.95, respectively for calibration, and those of TN and TP were 0.99 and 0.70, respectively for validation. We can apply lake and reservoir model to analysis paddy field considered with shallow ponded system, but it will need so many parameters and have much uncertainty. Fortunately, paddy field have a series of cultural practices yearly basis, such as irrigation-fertilization-forced drain-harvest with a similar time , so simple model may explain the mechanism for paddy field. Water quality model for paddy field developed in this study is simply, needs little parameters, but appeared high applicability to evaluate paddy filed drainage. We recommend this model to estimate nutrient loading from paddy field and establish best management practice.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.21-27
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• 1979

Canal construction is not the only area in which mechanization has advanced with great strides. All phases of the construction industry, including earthmoving, land clearing and levelling, road construction, and drainage and water control projects, have benefited from today's technological advancements. Lasers, an excellant example of advanced technology, have been refined for use as guidance systems for construction machinery, increasing accuracy and the speed of operation. The use of explosives by contractors is becoming more commonplace. One of the most valuable modern tools available today is the two-way radio. On today's sophisticated projects a single machine being down can frequently stop the progress of the entire project, delaying hundreds of men and machines from completing their assigned work for the day. The use of two-way radios in all the pickups and cars being used on a project facilitates communication so that emergency repairs can be effected immediately, and costly down time on any project can be reduced to a minimum. Not every construction project is suitable to mechanization. However, on the majority of projects mechanization has a great deal to offer the Korean contractor, and all contractors, in savings of time and money. Each and every project being considered by a contractor, should be closely examined for the most effective and efficient machinery application available. The International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) has formed a committee on construction techniques being used in canal construction today. Two publications are now available describing the advances made in recent years. Standards for construction have been established for mechanized systems and this information is being distributed worldwide.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.21-27
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• 2014

Pig slurry has been considered as environmental waste to be treated in an appropriate manner. Moreover, water-born pollution loads by agricultural non-point source(NPS) pollution are expected to become intensified due to ongoing precipitation change. This study was conducted to develop a best management practice to reduce NPS pollution load by agricultural activity with pig manure compost. An eco-friendly way, small drainage pond, was suggested in this study to avoid direct drainage of agricultural runoffs and eventually reduce the amount of pollutants discharged into the surrounding aqua-environment. A small pond($12m^2$) was constructed at the corner of a rice paddy field($17,15m^2$) located in Suwon, Korea. Water was allowed to drain only via a small drainage pond. Sampling was repeatedly made at two locations, one from an entrance and the other from an exit of a pond, during the rice cultivation period(May to October, 2013). Generally, sampling was made only when runoff water drained through a pond, such as during and/or after rain(irrigation). The water quality analysis showed that all quality parameters(SS, $COD_{Mn}$, T-N, and T-P) were improved as water passed through the pond. The amount of runoff water was reduced by 67.8%. Suspended solids and $COD_{Mn}$ concentrations were reduced by 79.8% and 71.9%, respectively. In case of T-N and T-P amounts, the reduction rates were 73.6% and 74.9%, respectively. Our data implies that agricultural NPS pollution from rice paddy fields with pig manure-based fertilizer can be effectively managed when an appropriate drainage water management practice is imposed.

• Journal of Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2018

Background and Objectives : Necortizing fasciitis in the cervical region is a very rare disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment results, complication and prognosis of necrotizing fasciitis patients. Materials and Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the inpatient charts treated for cervical necrotizing fasciitis at our Otorhinolaryngology clinic. We diagnosed necrotizing fasciitis by the clinical findings such as swelling, redness and pain of infected area and necrosis of subcutaneous fat layer and fascia observed during surgery. Twenty such patients were identified and treated from January 2011 to December 2016. Results : 20 adults consisting of 14 male and 6 females with cervical necrotizing fasciitis were diagnosed and treated. The most commonly known associated preceding illness were dental abscess and tonsillitis. The most pathogen was Streptococcus species (12/20), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (6/20), Staphylococcus species (2/20). The mean duration of hospitalization was 32.2 days (range,14-86). The mean Modified Laboroatory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (M-LRINEC) score is 7.4 and more than 4 points was eighteen. All patients received parenteral antibiotics and surgical drainage after admission. Conclusions : The reason for the high survival rate in the study was the early diagnosis, as well as the early surgical procedure and antibiotics. After the operation, frequent betadine irrigation could improve the patient's condition and recover without severe complication.