• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.755-758
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• 2001

Most of the waste plastics are incinerated and landfilled now, leading to much environmental problems. The technology of injection into the blast furnace was developed as a useful recycling method of waste plastics, and applied to the actual operation in several ironmaking companies. We carried out the test operation to inject continuously the two kinds of waste plastics through four tuyeres of the Foundry blast furnace in POSCO by 130 ton of total amount. From this test operation, we analyzed the coke replacement ratio, the permeability, the heat load and other changes of furnace conditions with the injection of waste plastics into the blast furnace. Some trials based upon the theoretical approaches were applied to examine the efficiencies of blast furnace.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.444-449
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• 2016

Industrial by-products generated by integrated iron and steel manufacture cause environmental pollution. The by-products contain not only iron element but also harmful substances. Therefore, in view of to waste recycling and environmental preservation, production of sponge iron using the by-product is considered an effective recycling method. In this study, reduction efficiency of pellets from blast furnace dust was measured. Metallization was found to be increased, as $C/Fe_{total}$ ratio and reaction time were increased. The pellets were formed into a globular shape, and calcined for 60 minutes at $1100^{\circ}C$ in an electric furnace. Phase changes were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer. Microstructures of the pellets were observed by a scanning electron microscope.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.148-165
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• 2015

철은 한반도 고대국가의 형성과 발전에 큰 영향을 미친 중요한 요소였다. 이러한 철을 대규모로 생산하기 위해서는 원료인 철광석과 연료인 목탄의 공급이 원활하고 생산된 철기의 유통을 위해 교통로가 발달된 곳이 적합한 입지로 알려져 있는데, 중원지역은 제철에 필요한 3가지 조건을 모두 갖춘 지역으로 제철유적이 다수 확인되었다. 제철유적에서 확인된 철 생산공정을 검토한 후 진천 석장리유적 B-23호 제철로를 복원하여 제철실험을 실시하였다. 실험은 향후 지속적으로 이루어질 제철실험에 반영할 수 있는 다양한 변수를 파악하기 위한 목적으로 실시하였다. 실험결과 첫째, 배소작업은 철광석의 파쇄에 도움을 주는 것을 재확인하였다. 둘째, 송풍관의 용융과 노내 생성물이 송풍을 방해하는 환경조성에 영향을 주는 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 철은 탄소와 결합됨에 따라 녹는점이 낮아지며, 성질도 변하기 때문에 연소되는 목탄과 충분히 결합될 수 있는 환경조성이 제철조업에 가장 중요한 요소임을 확인할 수 있었다. 고대 제철기술을 복원하기 위해서는 제철유적에서 확인되는 정보의 철저한 분석과 다양한 가능성을 상정하여 실험에 임하는 자세가 필요하다. 이밖에 철의 생산과 유통을 파악하기 위하여 원료의 산지를 밝히기 위한 연구도 적극적으로 수행되어야 할 것이다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.317-329
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• 2019

Slag was collected from the iron-producing furnace site in Saengsoegol, Baegun mountain, where iron was manufactured by a righteous army against Japan in the Gwangyang region; then, the iron-manufacturing technique of the early modern period was investigated through scientific analysis. In the microstructure analysis results of the selected samples, iron bloom was mainly observed together with magnetite and fayalite. In the component analysis results of the compounds, it was confirmed that the furnace was built by using gangue of alkali feldspar or plagioclase series, and the ironmaking work was performed at a high temperature of at least 1050℃, because mullite was identified together with cristobalite and hercynite. Based on the chemical composition, it was speculated that low-grade iron ores were used as raw materials, and it seemed that the yield was low, because the total Fe content of the smelting slag samples was 37.72-49.93%. It was difficult to confirm whether a slag former was used, and it seemed that materials easily obtained nearby were used when the furnace was built, without considering the corrosion resistance. It appeared that the ironmaking work was performed at the Gwangyang Saengsoegol iron-producing furnace based on the direct ironmaking method in an environment that could escape the vigilance of the Japanese Empire to produce weapons that would be used for the resistance against Japan. It seemed that there was neither an advanced ironware production system nor a mass production system, and small-scale works were performed in short periods of time.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.139-147
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• 2013

충주 수룡이 원모롱이 야철지에서 수습한 슬래그와 노벽을 분석하여 제철관련 정보를 알아보고자 하였다. 슬래그의 전철량은 36.98~44.47wt%이며 이는 고대 제철조업에서 나타나는 일반적인 철 회수율이다. 슬래그에 포함된 CaO는 노벽에 포함된 0.36wt%보다 많으므로 조재제로서 제련 시 의도적으로 첨가한 것으로 추정된다. 노벽의 경우 $Al_2O_3$의 함량이 낮아 고알루미나질의 내화점토를 사용하지 않은 것으로 획인되었다. 슬래그의 미세조직과 주성분 분석을 통해 Fayalite와 Wustite가 나타난 No.1~3 슬래그는 철광석으로 제련한 것으로 보인다. 그러나 No. 4 슬래그의 경우 $TiO_2$을 함유한 Ulvospinel이 나타나 사철을 이용하여 제련했을 가능성이 높다. 그러므로 이 지역에서는 제철 원료로서 철광석과 함께 사철도 이용하였을 가능성이 있으며 노벽은 $Al_2O_3$의 함량이 낮은 일반점토를 사용하여 제작한 것으로 보인다.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2008

The high permeability of the gas in the molten iron of the dripping zone of the blast furnace is a major factor in achieving the stable operation of a furnace with high productivity. Basic studies of the liquid flow behavior in a packed bed are necessary to grasp the effect of various operational changes on conditions in the dropping zone. Molten iron and slag together playa critical role in the lower zone, transporting mass and energy, while impairing and redistributing the gas flow. In turn, molten iron and slag undergo physical and chemical changes, and are redistributed radially as they descend to the hearth. In this research, mathematical formulations are derived for the gas and the liquid. The solid phase is fixed with constant porosity. The information for the molten iron and slag includes the hold-up, velocity, pressure, and information related to the areas of interaction between the gas and the liquid, and the solid and the liquid. Predictable results include the velocity, pressure and temperature distribution. Additional parameters include the packed particle size and the air blast rate.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.273-281
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• 2018

$Ji{\check{u}}di{\grave{a}}n$ iron production site in China is a relic smelting site, which in the past produced pig iron. In this study, scientific analysis of the smelting furnace and collected slag was conducted to reveal some aspects of the ancient Chinese smelting technique. A 3D model of the smelting furnace showed a narrow lower part and an upper section which increased in diameter upwards. Although the smelting furnace relic does not include the upper part and its complete shape cannot be predicted, the remaining part suggests that the furnace had a larger diameter in the central part compared to the upper and lower parts. Most of the collected slag was completely vitrified. Long prismatic fayalite was observed in the matrix of some samples. The iron particles contained phosphorus, which could not be discharged during smelting work. In addition, as the $CaO/SiO_2$ ratio was 0.42 or lower in the results of the content analysis, no CaO slag former had been added. However, the ratio of $CaO/SiO_2$ to $Al_2O_3/SiO_2$ did not have a constant trend. This needs to be investigated in a further study.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.6-25
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 8차례 진행된 국립중원문화유산연구소의 제련실험에 대한 결과 보고서를 중점적으로 검토하여 조업의 목표와 결과를 종합하고, 실험 내용의 변경 사항과 이에 따른 실험 결과물의 변화를 확인하였다. 먼저 조업 목표에 따른 원료:연료의 비율, 첨가제 유무 등 조업과 관련된 변화를 검토해 보았다. 이와 더불어 원료와 형성물, 부산물에 대한 금속학적 분석결과를 정리하여 유적에서 출토된 자료와 비교하여 검토를 진행하였다. 8차까지의 제련실험은 조업방식에 철광석 배소, 첨가제 투입, 원료:연료의 비율 등에 대하여 변화를 주었다. 그 결과들을 재검토한 결과, 탄소 함량이 낮은 순철이 금속학적 분석결과 확인되기 시작하였다. 이를 통해 생산목적에 따라 원료와 연료의 장입 비율이 중요한 역할을 한다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 생산품 다수가 회주철인 점은 선철이 노 내에 장시간 방치되어 내부 조직이 변화된 것으로 파악하였으며, 탄소 함량이 공정반응이 일어나는 4.3%에 도달하지 못하였음에도 불구하고 용융상태를 거친 철괴인 점은 조업온도가 지나치게 높았던 것으로 파악된다. 앞서 검토한 결과들과 기타 제철복원실험에서 사용된 실험로의 구조와 형태를 참고하여 최종적으로 노 상부구조를 비롯한 고대 철 제련로 구조 복원을 시도해 보았다. 발굴조사된 철 제련로의 잔존상태와 송풍관의 성격 등을 종합적으로 참고하여 고대 철제련로 형태를 노벽 두께, 노의 높이, 송풍구 높이, 송풍관 규격, 노 내벽 형태 및 상단 형태의 6가지 항목으로 세분하여 복원안을 제시하였다. 구체적인 복원방법으로 우선 노의 높이를 낮추고, 상단의 형태를 하단 대비 1/3 크기로 축소하거나 직선형으로 조정하는 방안이 필요하다. 송풍시설은 충주 칠금동 유적 사례를 참고하여 노 바닥에서 70cm 위에 설치하거나, 1차 실험과 같이 20m 위에 설치하는 방식을 고려해야 한다. 또한 적정 조업온도를 유지하기 위해 송풍량 조절이 필요하다. 마찬가지로 충주 칠금동 유적 사례를 참고하여 송풍관 지름을 30m 내외로 제작하거나, 1차 실험 결과를 참고하여 지름 14m 내외로 제작하는 방안을 고려해야 한다. 이를 기반으로 제철복원실험을 통해 검증함으로써 고대 제철기술의 복원 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.393-397
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• 2001

The innovatory process, that is the direct separation and recovery of the iron and zinc metals contained in the high temperature exhaust gas generated from the electric arc furnace fer the inn scrap melting and/or the dust treatment, has been proposed. This proposed process consists of the moving coke bed filter that is directly connected to the electric furnace, and the following heavy metal condenser. The exhaust gas passes through the filter and the condenser right after exhausting from the electric furnace. The moving coke bed filter is being controlled at about 1000℃ and collects iron and slag components contained in the high temperature exhaust gas. Heavy metals such as zinc and lead pass through the filter as vapor. Based on the thermodynamic considerations, the iron oxide and the zinc oxide are reduced in the filter. The solution loss reaction rate is comparatively low at about 1000℃ in the coke bed filter by the analysis using the mathematical simulation model. The heavy metal condenser is installed in the position after the coke bed filter, and rapidly cools the gas from about 1000℃ to 450℃ by a full of the cooling medium like the solid ceramic ball in addition to the cooling from the wall. The zinc and lead vapor condense and separate f개m the gas in a liquid state. The investigation of the characteristics of the exhaust gas of the commercial electric arc furnace, the fundamental experiments of the laboratory scale and the bench scale ensured the formation of this proposed process. A small-scale pilot plant examination is carrying out at present to confirm the formation of the process. It is certain that the dust generation of the electric arc furnace is extremely decreased, and it can save the energy consumption of usual dust treatment processes by the realization of this process.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1992

A study was performed to measure the heavy metal concentrations of suspended particles in iron castings during February, 1990. The heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using patricles atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results were as fellows 1. The concentrations of suspended paticles by casting process were at furnace 4.19mg/m$^{3}$ at pouring 2.93mg/m$^{3}$ at nonferrous furnace 3.90mg/m$^{3}$, at molding 1.17mg/m$^{3}$, jung ja 2.23mg/m$^{3}$, desanding 5.42mg/m$^{3}$, sand treatment 4.82mg/m$^{3}$, finishing 1,20mg/m$^{3}$. 2. Among the total of 8 iron casting workplaces, the concentrations Fe of furnace was 0.36mg/m$^{3}$, Cu of nonferrous furnace 0.02mg/m$^{3}$, Pb of pouring 0.02mg/m$^{3}$, Cr of desanding 0.01mg/m$^{3}$ and Mn of furnace 0.03mg/m$^{3}$.