• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.356-363
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• 2004

Iron Deficiency Anemia is defined as deficiency Fe in blood. The causal relationships between this and gastrointestinal bleeding, impaired absorption, excessive menstrual flow and other maladies are not well understood. In oriental medicine Iron Deficiency Anemia is generally characterized as deficiency of ki(氣)and blood(血) defined in terms of hypofunction of the spleen and stomach, and insufficiency of the spleen and kindneys. Two Iron Deficiency Anemia patients were treated with Ickibohyoul-tang, Samchulgunbi-tang, Ickibohyoul-tang ga antler, and Sachulgunbi-tang ga antler. Symptoms improved and Blood exams (RBC, Hb, Hct) yielded higher counts. Further research concerning this is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.734-743
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• 2001

Iron deficiency anemia is a worldwide public health problem relevant to unsound nutritional practice. While the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is very common among pregnant women, appropriate nutritional service programs to improve the iron status are lacking in Korea. In an attempt to develop a nutritional screening tool to separate the high-risk subjects of iron deficiency, we carried out a nutritional survey for 115 Korean pregnant women whose gestational age ranged from 13 to 24 weeks. Each subject was interviewed with questionnaires for general characteristics and dietary habits. Food intake was measured by 24-hour recap method and 2 day record. Fasting blood was drawn for measuring hemoglobin and serum ferritin. It appeared that half of the pregnant women belonged to the anemia group and had insufficient dietary habits to provide adequate amounts of dietary iron. The first gravida and the working women had better hematological iron indicators than the second or more gravida and the housewives. It also appeared that women who had bigger family size and lower BMI in pre-pregnancy had poorer iron status. Among the food consumption habits, fruit dependent dietary habit was related to poor iron status. Sufficiently consumed green leafy vegetable and appropriate amount of food before morning sickness were positive factors of iron stares. Our results indicated that parity, BMI, current job, family size, food habits including consumption of fruits, green & yellow vegetables, and food habits before the onset of morning sickness are significant factors to contribute the Fe deficiency anemia during pregnancy.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.74-86
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• 2020

Purpose: This study identified the factors that influenced the food-intake practices affecting iron deficiency anemia among Senegal mothers. Methods: The subjects were 155 mothers in Dakar, Senegal. We surveyed 21 questions concerning their knowledge of iron deficiency anemia, the perceived severity and perceived benefits, self-confidence, food preferences and food-intake practices during the period from December 4, 2017 to December 29, 2017. Results: The factors significantly related to food-intake practices affecting iron deficiency anemia included having a female head of household with male support (β=0.249, p=.003) and being in the 5th quintile of income level (β=0.386, p=.003). Conclusion: The results of regression analysis showed that the head of household and income level are factors that influenced the food-intake practices affecting iron deficiency anemia. Therefore, economic factors and the structure of the household must be considered to achieve success for Senegalese iron deficiency anemia projects.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.42-51
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• 2016

Objectives The purpose of this study is to report a case of iron deficiency anemia in a child with repetitive bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, and summarize review of a western literature. Methods A 13-year-old patient, who were suffering from iron deficiency anemia from repetitive bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, was administered by Ikwiseungyang-tang gamibang (益胃升陽湯加味方) and Samchulgeonbitang (蔘出健脾湯). After several tests, we realized that an iron deficiency anemia was related to Helicobacter pylori. Results By herb medication, the patient's symptoms were alleviated. Conclusions Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the reasons of refractory iron-deficiency anemia which is unresponsiveness to oral iron therapy. We report the findings of herb medication along with summarization of a western literature.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.532-539
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• 2000

The purpose of this research is to assess th iron nutritional status of pregnant women and to evaluate the appropriateness of the present cut off levels of hemoglobin(Hgb), hematocrit(Hct) and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) for assessing iron deficiency status. Pregnant women who were visiting public helath centers in Ulsan were interviewed and agreed to attend the study. Blood sample was taken and biochemical analysis of blood was performed. The collected data were classified into 3 trimesters by gestational age and then statistical analysis was performed. The prevalence of anemia in all subjects was 32.3% by WHO criteria(Hgb < 11.0g/dl) and 17.8% of all subjects was iron deficient anemia by CDC criteria(Hgb < 11.0/dl and serum ferritin < 12.0ug/l). Since the iron deficient anemia generally occures at the last stage of iron deficiency, it is not efficient to diagnose and prevent the iron deficient anemia in pregnant women by using the present cut off level of Hgb. Therefore, the new cut off level of iron status indices is necessary for assessing iron deficiency in early pregnancy before manifestation of anemia and for reducing the prevalence of anemia in later pregnancy. For this reason, the present cut off levels of iron status indices were estimated and compared by assessing the iron deficiency judged by serum ferritin level (<12.0ug/l)as true iron deficiency. It follows from the results of this research that present cut off levels of Hgb, Hct and TIBC were very insensitive in identifying the subjection with iron deficiency. The appropriate cut off levels of Hgb were 11.5g/dl for total period of pregnancy, 12.0g/dl for 1st and 3rd trimester, and 11.5g/dl for 2nd trimester. The cut off level of Hct was 34.0% for total period for pregnancy, 35.0% for 1st trimester, and 34.0% for 2nd and 3rd trimester. The cut off level of TIBC was 400ug/dl for total period, 360ug/dl for 1st 2nd trimester, and 450ug/dl for 3rd trimester.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.787-792
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to estimate the iron availability and to analyze dietary factors which influence hematological indices of 130 female adolescents with iron deficiency anemia. Intakes of iron and other nutrients were estimated using a self-administrated questionnaire combined with the 24-hour recall mehtod and iron availability was calculated by Monsen's method. Mean daily intakes of calorie, protein and vitamin C were 1631.0kcal(77.7% of RDA), 54.7g(84.2% of RDA) and 45.7mg(83.0% of RDA), respectively. In terms of iron, mean daily intake was 8.7mg(48.3% of RDA) and heme iron intake was 3.0mg which correspond to 34% of total iron intake. The amount of total absorbable iron was 1.5mg and the estimated bioavailability of dietary iron was 17.2%. In summary, intake of several nutrients for most of the subjects were under RDA. Dietary factors affecting hematological indices were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression. Intake of vitamin C was a major determinant of Hb level, while both intake of enhancing factor and iron availability were major determinants of serum ferritin level. In conclusion proper nutritional education and guidance for iron deficiency anemic female adoalescent needs to be developed and to improve their iron storage should be increased intakes of enhancing factors, female adoalescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.887-896
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• 1999

The purpose of this research is to assess hematological and biochemical status and the prevalence of iron deficiency of pregnant women by gestational age to provide the primary data about iron nutritional status of pregnant women. Pregnant women visiting public health centers in Ulsan participated in study and were divided into 3 trimester by last menstrual period(LMP). Hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit(Hct)and mean corpuscular volume(MCV) among iron status indices were not statistically different from normal distribution, however total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin were skewed to left and serum iron and transferrin saturation(TS) were skewed to right. Hgb was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.93, p<0.001) but TIBC was negatively correlated with all indices. Serum ferritin was also correlated with all indices, especially in 3rd trimester but not reached to 1st trimester level. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), Red cell distribution width(RDW), serum iron and TS were not significantly different by trimester, however when serum serum iron was adjusted with hematocrit to correct the hemodilution, it significantly decreased in 2nd trimester. MCV increased in 2nd trimester and was maintained until late pregnancy, TIBC continued to increase throughout the trimester. The prevalence of anemic by CDC(Centers for Disease Control) Hgb criteria(Hgb <11.0g/dl in 1st and 3nd trimester, Hgb<10.5g/dl in 2nd trimester) was 2.8% in 1st trimester, 22.5% in 2nd trimester, 27.1% in 3rd trimester and was similar with prevalence by CDC Hct criteria(Hct < 33% in 1st and 3rd, Hct < 32% in 2nd). The prevalence of anemic of total subjects was 32.7% by WHO criteria(Hgb < 11.0g/dl). Although almost iron status indices increased in 3rd trimester, the prevalence of anemia by different criteria of all indices increased throughout the trimester, so iron nutritional status was considered as serious during late pregnancy. However, since factors other than iron deficiency, such as infection, infection, inflammation, other nutrient deficiency may also play a significant role, to differentiate the anemia due to mainly iron deficiency from the anemia due to other factors, serum ferritin is among the more useful indices in distinguishing the two conditions because it is depressed only in iron deficiency. Hgb<11.0g/dl and serum ferritin<12.0ug/L as the criteria of iron deficiency was suggested by CDC. 17.8% of all subjects were classified as iron deficient anemia, 14.9% as anemic from other reasons, 21.2% as iron deficiency any only 46.2% were in normal iron status.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2021

Background: Children with cleft lip and/or palate can be undernourished due to feeding difficulties after birth. A vicious cycle ensues where malnutrition and low body weight precludes the child from having the corrective surgery, in the absence of which the child fails to gain weight. This study aimed to identify the proportion of malnutrition, including the deficiency of major micronutrients, namely iron, folate and vitamin B12, in children with cleft lip and/or palate and thus help in finding out what nutritional interventions can improve the scenario for these children. Methods: All children less than 5 years with cleft lip and/or cleft palate attending our institute were included. On their first visit, following were recorded: demographic data, assessment of malnutrition, investigations: complete blood count and peripheral blood film examination; serum albumin, ferritin, iron, folate, and vitamin B12 levels. Results: Eighty-one children with cleft lip and/or palate were included. Mean age was 25.37±21.49 months (range, 3-60 months). In 53% of children suffered from moderate to severe wasting, according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Iron deficiency state was found in 91.6% of children. In 35.80% of children had vitamin B12 deficiency and 23.45% had folate deficiency. No correlation was found between iron deficiency and the type of deformity. Conclusion: Iron deficiency state is almost universally present in children with cleft lip and palate. Thus, iron and folic acid supplementation should be given at first contact to improve iron reserve and hematological parameters for optimum and safe surgery.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.692-702
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• 1993

To evaluate iron nutritional status and to compare biochemical indices used for evaluation of iron nutriture, fasting blood sample was taken from 96 Korean female college student and hemoglobin(Hb) concentration, hematocrit(Hct), serum iron, total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin concentration were measured and transferrin(TF) saturation was calculated. Prevalence of iron deficiency varied from 4.2% when judged from Hb concentration and Hct to 38.5% and 40.6% when TIBC and serum ferritin concentration were used. TIBC was negatively correlated with serum ferritin(r=0.4561, p<0.001), while other indices showed positive but less significant correlations(p<0.05). Regarding iron status judged by serum ferritin was regarded as true iron status, the present cutoff points of Hb, Hct, serum iron, TF saturation were very insensitive in identifying the subjects with iron deficiency. Only TIBC was suitable for detecting iron deficiency in the study subjects. It is concluded from the study results that iron deficiency in young Korean adult women would be significantly underestimated with presently used biochemical measurements except TIBC and new cutoff points of these indices were proposed based on sensitivity, specificity measured prevalence, and positive and negative predictive values.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2011

Hemoglobin and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) tests are commonly used to screen for iron deficiency, but little research has been done to systematically evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these two tests. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc protoporphyrin/heme (ZPP/H) ratio as a point-of-service screening test for iron deficiency among preschool-aged children by comparing the sensitivity and specificity of hemoglobin, ZPP/H ratio, and serum ferritin (SF). Also completed were assessments for the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with indicators of ferritin models. This study was carried out with 95 children ages 3 to 6 y. Anthropometric measurements were assessed and blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin, SF, transferrin saturation (TS), and ZPP. Anemia was common and the prevalences of anemia, ID, and IDA were 14.7%, 12.6%, and 5.2%, respectively. The ZPP/H ratio was strongly and significantly correlated with hemoglobin. And ZPP/H ratio was a more sensitive test for ID than hemoglobin or SF measurement, correctly identifying more than twice as many iron-deficient children (sensitivity of 91.7%, compared to 41.7% for hemoglobin and SF). However, ZPP/H ratio had lower specificity (60.2%, compared to 89.1% for hemoglobin or 96.4% for SF) and resulted in the false identification of more subjects who actually were not iron deficient than did hemoglobin or SF. Low hemoglobin concentration is a late-stage indicator of ID, but ZPP/H ratio can detect ID at early stages and can be performed easily at a relatively low cost. Therefore, ZPP/H ratio can serve as a potential screening test for pre-anemic iron deficiency in community pediatric practices.