• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2004

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was exposed to waterborne iron (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg/L) for 50 days. The effects of iron on blood iron status and iron binding capacity were studied. The serum iron concentration was significantly higher than in the group exposed to iron (1, 5 and 10 mg/L) in comparison to the control after 30 days of exposure to iron. A significant decrease in unsaturated iron binding capacity was found between the control and the group exposed to iron (5 and 10 mg/L, respectively) at 40 and 50 days, respectively. The total iron binding capacity of serum in the fish exposed to iron concentrations (5 and 10 mg/L) showed a significant decrease compared to that of the control at 40 days after iron exposure. Serum iron saturation values increased in the flounder exposed to iron concentration (5 and 10 mg/L) at 50 days. Our data suggest that sub-lethal exposure of waterborne iron alters the blood iron concentration and iron binding capacity, and these parameters seems to be valuable factors for screening and diagnosis of iron overload syndromes in fish.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.904-910
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• 1997

Evaluation of soy milk as an iron-rich milk substitute was conducted by feeding commercial soy milk , cow milk and mixed formula(soy and cow milk) to Wistar rats for 8 weeks. Body weight gains were significantly lower in the soy milk and mixed formula groups. Hematocrit, serum iron concentration and TIBC (total iron binding capacity) were measured to determine the iron status of the rats. In these respects, the iron status of the soy milk group was normal. Both serum iron concentration and TIBC as well as hematocrit were abnormal in the cow milk group , which is indictive of severe iron deficiency . Although hematocrit was normal in the mixed formula group, serum iron concentration was lightly low. The work capacities of each group were correlated with serum iron concentration and tIBC rather than hematocrit. The running distance of the soy milk group was about 10 -fold longer than that of the cow milk group. Soy milk may be considered an iron- rich substitute for cow milk due to its higher iron content and bioavailability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.558-564
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• 2003

A $3{\times}3$ (Fe$\times$VA) experiment with repeats was designed to study the interaction between iron and vitamin A in broilers. 504 broilers were divided into 9 groups (50% males, 50% femals), each group with 4 repeats. Iron supplemental amount was 0, 30 and 60 mg/kg; Vitamin A supplemental amount was 750, 1,500 and 2,700 IU/kg. Iron concentration in liver, serum, tibia and duodenum and vitamin A concentration in liver and serum were measured, and erythrocyte count was also observed. Results showed with the increase of dietary supplemental iron levels, vitamin A concentration in liver significantly decreased lineally (p<0.05) (0.861, 0.671, 0.639 mg/100 g at the end of 4th week; 0.900, 0.765, 0.739 mg/100 g at the end of 7th week), and vitamin A concentration in serum significantly increased lineally (p<0.05) (82.725, 97.842, $109.475{\mu}g/100mL$ at the end of 4th week; 62.288, 91.900, $95.117{\mu}g/100mL$ at the end of 7th week), meaning iron could promote the mobilization of vitamin A from liver to serum. With the increase of dietary supplemental vitamin A levels, liver iron concentration decreased and serum iron concentration increased, vitamin A could promote the mobilization of iron from liver to blood. Iron concentration in Duodenum and tibia and erythrocyte count increased significantly with higher dietary vitamin A supplementation (p<0.01), vitamin A could promote iron absorption, iron mobilization from liver to target tissues and erythropoiesis. Effects of the interaction between iron and vitamin A on vitamin A concentrations in liver and serum, iron concentration in tibia and erythrocyte count were significant (p<0.05).

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.483-488
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• 1999

산성조미료로 곡물식초.쌀식초의 주성분인 아세트산, 감귤류와 과즙에 함유되어 있는 구연산, 사과산을 이용하여 조리할 때, 철 냄비로부터 철이 얼마나 용출 되는지를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 아세트산, 사과산 및 구연산에 대한 철의 용출량은 사과산, 구연산, 아세트산 순이었으며 산농도에 비례하여 증가하였다. 그 중에서도 사과산을 첨가한 것이 철의 용출량이 매우 많았다. 2. 온도에 의한 철 냄비로부터의 철의 용출은 5$^{\circ}C$. 실온에서도 용출되었으며 온도가 상승함에 따라 현저한 용출을 볼 수 있었다. 3. 가열시간에 따른 철 냄비로부터 용출하는 철은 일정한 시간까지는 가열시간에 비례하여 증가하였다. 4. 냄비의 사용횟수에 따른 철 용출량의 변화는 사용횟수에 비례하여 증가하였다. 5. 철의 용출량은 오래 사용한 냄비보다 새 냄비가 많이 용출되었다. 이상의 결과에서 철 냄비에 산성조미료를 첨가하여 조리하는 것은 철을 섭취하는데 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.692-702
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• 1993

To evaluate iron nutritional status and to compare biochemical indices used for evaluation of iron nutriture, fasting blood sample was taken from 96 Korean female college student and hemoglobin(Hb) concentration, hematocrit(Hct), serum iron, total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin concentration were measured and transferrin(TF) saturation was calculated. Prevalence of iron deficiency varied from 4.2% when judged from Hb concentration and Hct to 38.5% and 40.6% when TIBC and serum ferritin concentration were used. TIBC was negatively correlated with serum ferritin(r=0.4561, p<0.001), while other indices showed positive but less significant correlations(p<0.05). Regarding iron status judged by serum ferritin was regarded as true iron status, the present cutoff points of Hb, Hct, serum iron, TF saturation were very insensitive in identifying the subjects with iron deficiency. Only TIBC was suitable for detecting iron deficiency in the study subjects. It is concluded from the study results that iron deficiency in young Korean adult women would be significantly underestimated with presently used biochemical measurements except TIBC and new cutoff points of these indices were proposed based on sensitivity, specificity measured prevalence, and positive and negative predictive values.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.325-330
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the obesity index and effect of dietary zinc and iron levels on serum trace minerals status in the high fat diet-induced obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control and high fat diet groups. Ten weeks later, the control and high fat diet group were rearranged into six groups by zinc and iron levels. After 16 wk serum zinc, iron, copper and manganese was analyzed. Obesity index was significantly higher in the group fed high fat diet (20% lard) than that of control group (5% corn oil). Body fat content was 12.10$\pm$4.51g/100g BW in high fat diet group and 7.64$\pm$4.18g/100g BW in control group. So, the obese rats were successfully induced by high fat diet. The trace mineral concentration of obese rats in serum were affected by zinc levels. Serum zinc concentration was increased by dietary zinc overload, whereas the iron, copper and manganese were decreased. Specially the manganese concentration was significantly affected by zinc levels. In both groups, serum trace mineral concentration was not changed significantly by the dietary iron levels. There were positive correlations between zinc, iron and manganese concentration according to dietary zinc and iron levels.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 1997

To evaluate iron nutritional status of female college students, fasting blood samples were taken from 76 female students of Kangnung National University. Hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin concentrations were measured and transferrin saturation was calculated. Mean values for Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TS and serum freeitin were 13.64$\pm$1.42g/dl, 40.99$\pm$4.31%, 103.0$\pm$33.3$\mu\textrm{g}$/이, 395.3$\pm$9.07$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 26.58$\pm$9.07$\%$and 26.76$\pm$17.5ng/ml, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency greatly varied by indices from 6.8% when judged by Hct to 26.0$\%$ by serum ferritin concentration. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with hematocrit (r=0.5402), serum iron(r=0.2819) and transferrin saturation(r=0.2777)(p<0.05). on the other hand, serum ferritin concentration showed significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=-0.3196). Two-day dietary intake records were collected from subjects to estimate mean daily iron intake and bioavailability of dietary iron. Mean daily intake of iron was 13.15mg and heme iron intake was 0.83mg which was 6.4% of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron calculated by the method of Monsen was 1.27mg and bioavailability of dietary iron was 9.6%. In the light of high prevalence of iron deficiency based of serum ferritin concentration and low bioavailability of iron in the diet, guidelines about diet should be made to increase the content and bioavailability of iron in the diet if female college students.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to assess the iron nutritional status and dietary iron availability of postmenopausal women residing in Jeonju area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake and biochemical status of iron were measured from 57 postmenopausal women aged 50∼74 years old. Mean values of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin(Ferritin) concentration were 12.82${\pm}$1.03g/dl, 37.68${\pm}$2.99%, 92.60${\pm}$46.66ug/dl, 353.0${\pm}$54.48ug/dl, 86.86${\pm}$100.7ug/ιrespectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency greatly varied by indices from 14.04% when judged by Ferritin(<20ug/ι) to 40.4% by TIBC(>360${\mu}$g/dl. The anemic subjects assessed with Hct percent(36%) represented 22.8%, whereas 21.1% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of Hb. Ferritin concentration showed a significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=-0.343, p<0.01) and a positive correlation with MCHC(r=0.361, p<0.01). The mean daily intake of iron was 10.62mg and intake of heme iron was 5.3%(0.56mg) of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron caculated by the method of Monsen was 0.49mg anti bioavailability of dietary iron was 4.61%. Ferritin Concentration was positively associated with total iron intake(r=0.264, p<0.05), dietary nonheme iron(r=0.286, p<0.05) and iron of animal food (r=0.364, p<0.01). But Ferritin concentration was not correlated dietary heme iron(r=-0.137, p>0.05). Major food groups of iron intake were vegetables(20.15%), cereals(19.59%) and fishes(12.34%) in postmenopausal women. Intake of eggs was positively associated with Ferritin(r=0.473, p<0.01).

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2007

Treatment efficiency research was performed using Fenton process and the electrochemical process in the presence of ferrous ion and hydrogen peroxide for the industrial wastewater including 1,4-Dioxane produced during polymerization of polyester. The Fenton process and the electrochemical Iron Redox Reaction (IRR) process were applied for this research to use hydroxyl radical as the powerful oxidant which is continuously produced during the redox reaction with iron ion and hydrogen peroxide. The results of $COD_{Cr}$ and the concentration of 1,4-Dioxane were compared with time interval during the both processes. The rapid removal efficiency was obtained for Fenton process whereas the slow removal efficiency was occurred for the electrochemical IRR process. The removal efficiency of $COD_{Cr}$ for 310 minutes was 84% in the electrochemical IRR process with 1,000 mg/L of iron ion concentration, whereas it was 91% with 2,000 mg/L of iron ion concentration. The lap time to remove all of 1,4-Dioxane, 330 mg/L in the wastewater took 150 minutes with 1,000 mg/L of iron ion concentration, however it took 120 minutes with 2,000 mg/L of iron ion concentration in the electrochemical IRR process.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.139-148
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• 1999

This study was designed to assess the iron nutritional status of girls at puberty in Kangnung area. The subjects consisted of 161 adolescents in sixth-grade in primary school and first-grade in middle school girls. Anthropometric measurements were taken for body weight, height, percentage of body fat, and circumferences of waist and hip. Nutrient intakes were assessed by modified 24-hour recall method. Food models and other measuring tools were also used. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin(Hb) concentration, hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(FE) and total iron binding capacity(TIBC). Mean values for Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TS and serum ferritin were $13.6{\pm}0.9g/dl$, $39.6{\pm}3.9%, 91.3{\pm}36.3{\mu}g/dl$, $327.9{\pm}45.2{\mu}g/dl$, $28.3{\pm}11.8%$ and $37.4{\pm}24.2ng/ml$, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency greatly varied by indices from 4.8% when judged by Hb to 18.4% by serum Fe concentration. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.641), serum iron(r=0.266) and transferrin saturation(r=0.237)(p<0.05). On the other hand, serum ferritin concentration showed significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=-0.572). Mean daily intake of iron was 14.94mg and heme iron intake was 1.13mg and which was 7.6% of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron calculated by the method of Mosen was 1.38mg and bioavailability of dietary iron was 9.3%. These results suggest that the prevalence of iron deficiency of pubertal girls is very high, therefore the guidelines for diet and social supports, such as, school food service system should be provided to improve their iron status in middle school students.