• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.281-291
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• 2010

We investigated the antioxidant effects of hederagenin 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}3$)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}2$)-a-L-arabinopyranoside (HDL) isolated from root bark of Ulmus davidiana on the activity of enzymes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells. Cobalt chloride ($CoCl_2$), a transition metal, was used as an inducer of oxidative stress, generating hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) via increasing xanthine oxidase (XO) activity. The increased levels of $H_2O_2$, XO, ferritin, and ferritin iron by $CoCl_2$ were diminished effectively by co-treatment with HDL in U2OS cells. Furthermore, decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) by $CoCl_2$ were highly increased by co-treatment with HDL in U2OS cells; however, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) did not change. The increased contents of TBARS related to lipid peroxidation were significantly reduced by HDL in U2OS cells. The concentration of GSH changed in a pattern that went against regulated TBARS by $CoCl_2$ and HDL. We examined the expression of p53, $p21^{CIP1/WAF1}$, and $p27^{KIP1}$ proteins related to oxidative stress and cell cycle regulation. As a result, the expression of $p27^{KIP1}$ modulated by $CoCl_2$ was not changed by HDL. However, the expression of p53 and $p21^{CIP1/WAF}$ increased by $CoCl_2$ was reduced by HDL in U2OS cells. Together with alteration of p53 and $p21^{CIP1/WAF1}$ proteins, the accumulated cells at G1 phase by $CoCl_2$ was decreased by HDL in U2OS cells. Our data suggests that HDL inhibits $CoCl_2$-generated ROS in U2OS cells, providing potentially new antioxidant compounds that are isolated from natural products.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 2004

Preparations of mesoporous materials using various templates and their applicability have been intensively investigated for many years. We studied on synthesizing mesoporous Ti02 with pores in which sensitive compounds having weak physico-chemical properties such as thermal or UV irradiation and low solubility in solvent are trapped. Prior to trapping OMC in the pores of mesoporous titania, OMC was nano-emulsified in O/W system using Lecithin. Thereafter the OMC was trapped in the pores of mesoporous titania using sol-gel method. Main focus of this work is to prepare OMC-trapped mesoporous titania and to trace the stability and solubility of nano-emulsified OMC in the pores of mesoporous titania, and compared with that of mesoporous silica. OMC-trapped mesoporous Inorganic-Organic hybrid titania showed higher factors in sun protecting and a skin penetration phenomenon was reduced.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.512-518
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• 2002

In order to effectively utilize of granular ark and ark shell, lipid and fatty acid compositions, free amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds and minerals in the muscle and viscera of raw and cooked specimens were analyzed. The major constituents of non-polar lipids in the granular ark and ark shell were triglycerides, which showed higher content in viscera than the muscle. The polar lipids in the granular ark and ark shell were mainly consisted of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids of total lipid were 16:0, 20:5n-3, 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7, 18:0 and 22:6n-3 both the granular ark and ark shell. The major nucleotides and the related compounds were adenosine monophosphate and adenosine diphosphate and they had higher content in the muscle than in viscera both samples, free amino acids such as taurine, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, phenyl alanine and aspartic acid were abundant both the granular ark and ark shell. In the raw muscle of granular ark, glycine, alanine and $\alpha$-amino-iso-butyric acid were high level, but glutamic acid, aspartic acid and phenyl alanine were low level compared with those of cooking muscle. In the raw muscle of ark shell, taurine and $\alpha$-amino-iso-butyric acid were high content, but the glutamic acid and aspartic acid were low level compared with those of cooking muscle. Minerals in the granular ark and ark shell were chiefly consisted of potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron and calcium.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.402-408
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• 2005

This investigation aimed at selecting the optimum catalyst and reaction conditions used in Fenton oxidation for landfill leachate treatment and was carried out at ambient temperature using a lab-scale experiment. The investigation led to the following results: 1) The optimum pH and dose for each iron catalyst were as follows: $Fe^{2+}\;=\;1,200\;mg/L$, $H_2O_2\;=\;1,200\;mg/L$, initial pH=3.0; $Fe^{3+}\;=\;1,200\;mg/L$, $H_2O_2\;=\;1,500\;mg/L$, initial pH=4.5; $Fe^0\;=\;1,200\;mg/L$, $H_2O_2\;=\;900\;mg/L$, initial pH=4.0, respectively. 2) The progress of Fenton oxidation could be instrumentally monitored by measuring redox potential evolution during leachate oxidation, thus, indicating the possibility of an on-line process monitoring. 3) A simple acid-base titration of Fenton-treated leachate proved that a relevant fraction of by- products formed during the treatment was made of acidic compounds in the optimum reaction condition for each catalyst used, thus demonstrating that the higher the extent of Fenton oxidation the greater was the amount of acids formed. 4) With the aim of selecting the optimum catalyst among $Fe^0$, $Fe^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$, removal efficiency of each parameter in the optimum reaction conditions was considered. Although $Fe^{3+}$ was higher than other catalysts($Fe^0$, $Fe^{2+}$) in removal efficiency, $Fe^0$ was a optimum catalyst with a view of cost effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.191-201
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• 1987

Seasoned sardine meat was prepared to extend the use of sardine for human consumption, and processing conditions and storage stability of frozen seasoned sardine meat were studied during storage at $-20^{\circ}C$. The fish was beheaded, gutted and cleaned in a washing tank. The washed fish was then put through a belt-drum type meat separator which separates the flesh iron the bone and skin. Mechanically deboned fish meat was mixed with $20.6\%$ emulsion curd, $0.5\%$ table salt, $2.0\%$ sugar, $0.4\%$ sodium bicarbonate, $0.2\%$ polyphosphate, $0.1\%$ monosodium glutamate, $0.3\%$ onion powder, $0.1\%$ garlic powder, $0.1\%$ ginger powder, $3.0\%$ soybean protein and $0.1\%$. In sodium erythorbate. This seasoned sardine meat was frozen with contact freezer, packed in a carton box and then stored at $-20^{\circ}C$. The pH, volatile basic nitrogen, viable cell counts, peroxide value, carbonyl value, thiobarbituric acid value, taste compounds, fatty acid composition, salt extractable nitrogen, drip, texture, and color values of the products were determined during frozen storage. The results showed that lipid content in products could be controlled by using emulsion curd, and flavor and texture could be improved by adding spices and soybean protein, and lipid oxidation could be retarded by $0.1\%$ sodium erythorbate. Judging from the results of chemical experiments and sensory evaluation, the products can be preserved in a good quality for 120 days during frozen storage.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.59-77
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate on several factors, which contaminative the water quality through the water pipe during feeding water, in 42 largescaled apart-ments(total 84 cases) and assayed the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) and concen-tration of heavy metals that inflow and outflow in reservior water in Jeonnam area(Mokpo, Suncheon, Yeosu) from January 1999 to December 1999. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The quality of the water pipe composition in the order of frequency in the quality of water pipes were Copper(45.2%)> Zinc(38.9%)> Stainless steel(9.5%)> PVC(4.8%)> PM(2.4%) in observing 42 sites. All of the drain pipes were used the cast iron quality. 2. The result of certification curve from 12 items(17kind) of VOCs was $1.0-4.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$ range, a coefficient of correlation was shown 0.99 over. A MDL of each substance range was within $0.1-1.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$. 3. The result of the assay, 5 kinds(Viny chloride, Dichloromethane, Ethylbenzene, M,P-xylene, Styrene) of the VOCs of 14 kinds was not detected and the other items were detected slightly. The detection rate of one item and over in total VOCs samples, were 25.9% in inflow and 27.9% in outflow. And frequency of detect in inflow/outflow of THM(Chloroform, Bromodichloro-methane, Dibromochloromethane, Bromoform) were shown higher than 94.1%, 97.0% each stages. It comes to the conclusion that all of the samples were reason able for drinking water standards. 4. The coefficient of correlation were reasonable, it shown 0.999 over in $0.1-1.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$ of a measuring range conditions of 4kinds in organic substance(Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn). 5. The results were showed suitability in 78 cases(92.9%) and unsuitability in 6 cases (7.1%), in 84 cases of in organic substances. Compare to inflow stage, mean concentrations of heavy metal, were increased slightly in Zn, Cu, Fe except Mn than outflow stage. The result of the mean concentration in organic substance inflow and outflow in the apartment water tank using Pair-compared T-test, in 95% reliance index, were $0.179mg/{\ell}(0.151-0.307mg/{\ell})$ in Zinc, $0.136mg/{\ell}(0.113-0.230mg/{\ell})$ in Copper, $0.052mg/{\ell}(0.048-0.098mg/{\ell})$ in Fe, and there was a bit growing tendency but there was no differece in Mn. 6. The mean concentration of Copper which used Cu pipe as a water supply pipe in apartment were $0.216mg/{\ell}(0.161-0.338mg/{\ell})$ in case of the Zine pipe were $0.286mg/{\ell}(0.204-0.435mg/{\ell})$. It shows that the detection rate was more higher than the other material used in Cu or Zn as the water supply pipe. We supposed to Cu and Zn substance were gushing out water supply pipe.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2009

We incubated marine columnar sediments at $25^{\circ}C$ for 230 days to simulate the responses of phosphorus in the sediment which was exposed to freshwater. The incubation was composed of three different treatments (FW: freshwater, FWA: freshwater under anoxic condition, and SW: seawater as a Control). Six particulate fractions of phosphorus in sediment were obtained through sequential extraction and, for comparison, phosphate concentrations in porewater and superlying water were also determined. After the incubation, evidently higher concentrations of phosphate were found in FW and FWA compared to SW. Mass extinction of living organisms in marine sediment from freshwater shock and consequent decay of their corps probably contributed such high phosphate spike in the overlying water. Higher concentrations of BD-P(lron-bound P) were found in FW compared to SW. After exposure to the freshwater, we could determine that penetration depth of dissolved oxygen in marine sediment will be deeper. A result of increases of ferrous compounds in freshwater where contained less sulfide has been obtained. Because of these phenomena, BD-P was increased in FW. On the contrary, BD-P was decreased in FWA since poor dissolved oxygen concentration. In FWA, total amount of Leachable P(SUM of LOP) has been remarkably increased through the experiment, which strongly suggested the easy conversion of the leachable P into reactive P. This experiment has shown that most of diverse P species in marine sediment were leachable under freshwater and low oxygen condition. Therefore reclamation of natural tidalfalt and consequent freshwater introduction seems to trigger the conversion of diverse P-species to leachable P in the marine sediments, which will exert high benthic load of phosphate to the overlying water.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1969

The study on physico-chemical characteristics of the acid sulfate soil present in Kimhae plain was carried out with 28 surface and subsoils from lower and higher produtive area and two representative profile samples from the areas reclaimed a few decades ago and around 10 years ago respectively. 1. There are no differences in soil texture between lower and higher productive soils being mostly silty clay loam and silty clay. 2. Very significant differences in pH, degree of base saturation and extractable aluminium content are observed; lower pH, lower degree of base saturation and higher aluminium in the lower productive soils and subsoils. The pH and degree of base saturation of these soils are extremely low whereas aluminium content is very high compared to ordinary paddy soil. 3. Cation exchange capacity of these soils are slightly higher than ordinary paddy soils. In higher productive soils, exchangeable calcium and magnesium are of same order, whereas in lower productive soils magnesium content is appreciably higher than calcium. 4. Though the soil is derived from marine and estuarine sediment, the soluble salt content is not high. There are only few lower productive surface soils and subsoils having Ec values of the saturation extracts higher than 4 mmhos but lower than 9 mmhos/cm. 5. Organic matter content of these soils is a bit higher compared to ordinary paddy soils, but, nitrogen content is comparatively low. C/N ratio of these soils is around 12. 6. Sulfur content is considerably higher but oxidizable sulfur is found to be very low. Total sulfur is generally high in subsoils and lower productive soils. 7. Active iron and available silica are slightly higher than ordinary paddy soils but easily reducible manganese is very low. Almost no differences are also observed between lower and higher productive soils. 8. Available phosphorus content is extremely low in particular, regardless of higher or lower productive soils. 9. The two representative profiles from the area of earlier reclamation and recent one show that samples from earlier reclaimed area contain less amount of free acids, sulfur compounds, toxic aluminium and soluble salts etc. than the other. This indicate greater leaching and possible addition of lime for a longer period of time. 10. From the results obtained, it can be concluded the higher productivity of group I soils is due to the greater leaching and neutralisation of acidity by liming materials, It can also be concluded that the productivity of both types can be increased by addition of liming materials and improvement of drainage facilities.