• 제목/요약/키워드: Iron(III)

검색결과 323건 처리시간 0.029초

Synthesis of m-Oxo and Bis( m-alkoxo) Bridged Diiron(III) Complexes Using a Tripodal Ligand, Bis(2-benzimidazolylmethy)ethanolamine

  • 곽병훈;이명수
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제21권1호
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    • pp.65-68
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    • 2000
  • A $\mu-oxo$ diiron(III) complex and two bis( $\mu-alkoxo)$ diiron(III) complexes with biomimetic tripodal ligand containing mixed N/O donor atoms were synthesized using a mononuclear iron(III) complex as starting material. Depending on the amounts and kinds of bases used, we obtained various kinds of diiron (III) complexes. The reaction of $[$Fe^{III}$(Hbbea)Cl_2]Cl$, 1, with an equivalent amount of $KO_2$ or NaOAc produced $[$Fe^{III}$_2O(Hb-bea)_2Cl_2]Cl_2$, 2. An additional equivalent amount of NaOBz or NaOAc converts complex 2 to complex 3 or complex 4 depending on the base used. The addition of two equivalent amounts of NaOBz orNaOAc directly converts complex 1 to $[$Fe^{III}$_2(bbea)_2(OBz)_2]Cl_2$, 3, or $[$Fe^{III}$_2(bbea)_2(OAc)_2]Cl_2$, 4, depending on the base used. Crystal data are as follows: [$Fe^{III}_2O(Hbbea)_2Cl_2]Cl_2$, 2: monoclinic space group $$P2_1/n$$, a = 8.421 (1) $\AA$, b = 18.416 (2) $\AA$, c = 13.736 (1) $\AA$, $\beta$ = 104.870 $(7)^{\circ}$, V = 2058.9 (4) $\AA^3$, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0469 and wR2 = 0.1201 for reflections with I > 2 ${\sigma}$(I).

신성빈혈(腎性貧血)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) - 급성신성빈혈(急性腎性貧血)의 실험적(實驗的) 고찰(考察) - (Study on the Renal Anemia - Experimental Study in Acute Renal Anemia -)

  • 윤조은
    • 대한핵의학회지
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    • 제3권2호
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 1969
  • The double tracer study on erythrokinetics was carried out experimentally with radioactive iron ($^{59}Fe$) and chromium ($^{51}Cr$) in rabbits. The 0.1% canthalidin solution and 1% pot. perchlomate solution was given subcutaneously to 20 rabbits respectively. 3 and 6 days after injection, the blood chemistry, urine examination, ferrokinetics and apparent half survival time of RBC were ($^{51}Cr\;T\frac{1}{2}$)determined. Following were the results: 1) Red blood cell hematocrit and hemoglobin values were moderately reduced and B.U.N. and serum creatinine values were slight]y inercased in the canthalidin group, while B.U.N. and serum creatinine values were within normal limits in the pot. perchlomate group. Reticulocyte values were slight]y increased in the canthalidin group, while was normal range in the pot. perchlomate group. 2) Blood chemistry finding was not significant statistically in both experimental groups, but serum iron value was moderately reduced in both group. 3) Plasma volume was unchanged in both group, but red cell volume and whole blood volume were slightly reduced in both groups. 4) Results of ferrokinetics were as follows: i) The plasma iron disappearance rate was delayed in both groups. Plasma iron turnover rate, red cell iron utilization and red cell iron turnover rate were decreased in both groups, and then red cell iron turnover rate was more decreased than plasma iron turnover rate in both groups. Circulating red cell iron was slight]y increased in canthalidin group and red cell iron concentration was within normal range in both groups. ii) P.I.T.R.-R.C.I.T. value was moderately increased in the canthalidin group and slightly increased in the pot. perchlomate group. Reticulocyte index, red cell iron turnover index, plasma iron turnover index and effective erythropoiesis index were whole]y reduced in both groups. iii) The red cell life span was slightly shortened in the canthalidin group while was within normal range in pot. perchlomate group. The pathologic finding of renal biopsy of the canthalidin group shows a selective damage in glomerulus, while shows almost normal range or slight damage in tubules. And that of the pot. perchlomate group shows a selective damage in tubules with slight damage of glomerulus.

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철 및 망간코팅사를 분리 충진시킨 파일럿 여과시스템에 의한 3가 비소 제거 (Removal of As(III) by Pilot-Scale Filtration System Separately Packed with Iron-Coated Sand and Manganese-Coated Sand)

  • 김광섭;송기훈;양재규;장윤영
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제28권8호
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    • pp.878-883
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    • 2006
  • 망간코팅모래(MCS)와 철코팅모래(ICS) 21.5 kg씩 동량을 하부 및 상부층으로 2단 충진시킨 파일럿 규모의 여과시스템을 구성하여 3가 비소 함유 인공오염수 처리효율을 조사하였다. 파일럿 장치는 높이 200 cm와 내경 15 cm로 구성되어 있으며, 3가 비소함유 인공 오염수의 반응기 칼럼내 유입은 peristaltic pump를 사용하여 선속도 $5{\times}10^{-3}$ cm/s로 상향류로 시켰으며 148일 동안 여과실험을 실시하였다. MCS 통과지점(중간유출수)과 ICS 통과지점(최종 유출수)에서의 총 비소의 파과는 각각 18일 및 44일 경과 후에 이루어졌고 그 이후 파과가 급격히 진행되었으며 148일이 지났을 때 완전파과가 발생하였다. 비록 MCS 층을 통과한 유출수에서의 총 비소파과는 18일 경과 후에 나타났지만 유출수내의 3가 비소 농도는 61일 동안 50 ppb 이하로 나타났으며 이후에는 급격히 증가되어 나타났다. 이것은 칼럼에 충진된 MCS가 61일 동안 효과적으로 3가 비소에 대한 산화력을 나타내기 때문에 기인한 것이며 MCS 1 kg당 3가 비소 92 mg을 산화처리 함을 나타낸다. 그리고 완전파과가 발생할 때 까지 MCS에 의해서 흡착된 총 비소의 양은 MCS 단위 kg 당 79.0 mg에 해당하였다. 운전기간 동안 반응탑내의 각 지점에서의 시간에 따른 수두의 변화는 크게 나타나지 않아서 ICS 및 MCS를 갖춘 여과시스템은 큰 수두손실 없이 오염수를 장기간 처리할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

Generation of Free Radicals by Interaction of Iron with Thiols in Human Plasma.

  • Lee, S. J.;K. Y. Chung;J. H. Chung.
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국식품위생안전성학회 2002년도 춘계학술발표대회 및 심포지움
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    • pp.138-138
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    • 2002
  • Oxidative stress has been associated with a number of diseases in human. Among the sources that can generate oxidative stress, it has been reported that iron can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS)with thiol. In iron overload state, increased thiol levels in plasma appeared to be associated with human mortality. In this study we examined whether iron could interact with thiols in plasma, generating ROS. In human plasma, unlike with Fe(III), Fe(II) increased lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence in concentration-dependent manner, and this was inhibited by SOD. Boiling of plasma did not affect chemiluminescence induced by Fe(II). Hovever, thiol depletion in plasma by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)decreased Fe(II)-induced chemiluminescence significantly, suggesting that Fe(II) generated superoxide anion by the nonenzymatic reaction with plasma thiol. Consistent with this findings, albumin, the major thiol contributor in plasma, also generated ROS with Fe(II) and this generation was inhibited by pretreatment with NEM. Treatment with Fe(II) to plasma resulted un significant reduction of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value, suggest that total antioxidant capacity could diminished in iron overload state. In conclusion, In iron overload state, plasma may be affected by oxidative stress mediated by nonenzymatic reaction of Fe (II)with plasma thiol.

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효과적인 펜톤산화처리법을 이용한 경유오염토양 복원에 관한 연구 (Effective Methods of Fenton Oxidation for Remediation of Diesel-contaminated Soil)

  • 이의상;김지영;오세원
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제10권10호
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    • pp.2771-2778
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 주유소 부지와 같이 소규모 오염지역에 가장 많이 적용되는 굴착된 오염토양에 펜톤산화반응이 적용될 때 투입되어야 할 과산화수소와 철 촉매의 적정량을 산정하고 혼합방식 및 투입방식을 개선하여 과산화수소와 철 촉매의 과량 투입으로 인한 2차오염과 과다한 처리비용 문제를 해결하고자하였다. 경유 10,000mg/kg의 농도로 오염시킨 인공오염토양을 사용하여 실험을 진행하였고 회분식 실험결과 과산화수소의 농도가 증가할수록 경유제거효율이 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 또한 철 촉매를 주입했을 경우 과산화수소만 주입했을 시보다 훨씬 높은 경유제거효율을 보였으며 Fe(II)에 비해 Fe(III)을 주입하였을 때 제거효율이 더 높게 나타났다. 칼럼실험은 회분식 실험결과를 바탕으로 진행되었고 펜톤산화반응에 의한 현장복원이 이루어질 때 문제시되고 있는 혼합문제의 해결방법을 모색하고자 칼럼을 사용하여 시약 주입방법을 달리하며 실험하였으며 분리 분할 주입의 경우 가장 높은 효율을 얻을 수 있었다. 칼럼실험을 비교해 본 결과 단을 분리시켜 Fe(III)철 촉매를 주입하고 과산화수소를 분할 주입한 경우 92.8%의 높은 제거효율로 현장주입 조건을 모사한 과산화수소만 주입한 첫 번째 방법의 경유제거효율 10.5%보다 9배가량 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구결과를 경유오염토양의 펜톤산화 복원 시 현장에 적용하면 과산화수소와 철 촉매의 과량 투입으로 인한 2차 오염과 과다한 처리비용 문제를 해결 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

pH를 달리하여 제조한 3가철 첨착 활성탄에 의한 구리 제거특성 평가 (Evaluation of the Removal Properties of Cu(II) by Fe-Impregnated Activated Carbon Prepared at Different pH)

  • 양재규;이남희;이승목
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제30권3호
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    • pp.345-351
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구에서는 다양한 pH 조건에서 활성탄에 Fe(III)를 첨착시킨 Fe-첨착활성탄(Fe-AC)을 제조하였으며, 제조한 Fe-AC가 여과재질로서의 안정성 유무를 파악하기 위하여 내산성 실험을 수행하였다. 또한 Fe-AC의 중금속 제거능을 파악하기 위하여 회분식 실험을 수행하였다. 흡착제의 안정성 실험결과 모든 pH 조건에서 시간이 지날수록 철의 용출량은 증가하였지만, 용액의 pH가 높아질수록 철의 용출량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 용액의 pH를 2로 고정했을 경우 시간경과에 따라 철의 용출량이 점차 증가하여 12시간 후에는 Fe-AC에 함유된 총 철 함량의 13%가 용출되었으나, pH 3 이상에서 철의 용출량은 급격히 줄어들어서 무시할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 회분식 실험결과 Fe-AC에 의한 Cu(II) 제거는 흡착질의 농도가 감소하고 용액의 pH가 증가할수록 Cu(II)의 제거율은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 모델링에 의한 흡착결과 예측은 이중확산층 이론에 의한 inner-sphere type의 표면착물화를 고려하여 MINTEQA2 프로그램을 사용하여 실시하였다.

철환원 박테리아에 의한 금속 환원 및 광물형성 (Metal Reduction and Mineral formation by fe(III)-Reducing Bacteria Isolated from Extreme Environments)

  • Yul Roh;Hi-Soo Moon;Yungoo Song
    • 한국광물학회지
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    • 제15권3호
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    • pp.231-240
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    • 2002
  • 미생물에 의한 금속이온의 환원은 탄소와 금속의 생지화학적 순환에 영향을 줄 뿐만 아니라 또한 금속, 방사성원소, 그리고 유기물로 오염된 지하수와 토양의 정화에 있어서 중요한 역할 가능성을 시사하고 있다. 지구의 극한 환경(예: 심해저 퇴적, 알칼리성 호수 등)에서 서식하는 철환원 박테리아를 분리하여 금속이온의 환원과 광물 형성 등의 실험에 이용하여 본 결과에 의하면, 이들 철환원 박테리아는 Fe(III), Mn(IV), Cr(VI), Co(III), and U(VI)이온 등을 환원시킬 뿐만 아니라, 자철석($Fe_3$$O_4$), 능철석($FeCO_3$), 방해석($CaCO_3$), 능망간석($MnCO_3$), 비비아나이트 [$Fe_3$($PO_4$)$_2$ .$8H_2$O], 우라니나이트(UO) 등의 광물을 형성한다. 철 환원 박테리아에 의한 광물 형성과 금속이온의 환원에 영향을 미치는 주요소는 대기의 조성, 화학 조성, 및 박테리아의 종이다. 호열성 철환원 박테리아는 철수화물과 금속이온(Co, Cr, Ni) 등을 동시에 환원시켜 금속 치환된 자철석을 합성하며, 또한 석탄회 등을 이용하여 탄산염 광물을 형성하여 대기 중의 이산화탄소를 고정하는 역할을 하기도 한다. 따라서 미생물에 의한 금속이온이 환원은 자연계에서 철과 탄소의 지화학적인 순환에 영향 미치며, 또한 미생물에 의한 자철석의 합성은 산업적으로 많은 이용가치가 있을 것으로 본다.

In situ Structural Investigation of Iron Phthalocyanine Monolayer Adsorbed on Electrode Surface by X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

  • 김성현;;강광훈
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제21권6호
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    • pp.588-594
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    • 2000
  • Structural changes of an iron phthalocyanine (FePC) monolayer induced by adsorption and externally applied potential on high area carbon surface have been investigated in situ by iron K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) in 0.5 M $H_2S0_4.$ Fine structures shown in the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) for microcrystalline FePC decreased upon adsorption and further diminished under electrochemical conditions. Fe(II)PC(-2) showed a 1s ${\rightarrow}$ 4p transition as poorly resolved shoulder to the main absorption edge rather than a distinct peak and a weak 1s ${\rightarrow}$ 3d transition. The absorption edge position measured at half maximum was shifted from 7121.8 eV for Fe(lI)PC(-2) to 7124.8 eV for $[Fe(III)PC(-2)]^+$ as well as the 1s ${\rightarrow}$ 3d pre-edge peak being slightly enhanced. However, essentially no absorption edge shift was observed by the 1-electron reduction of Fe(Il)PC(-2), indicating that the species formed is $[Fe(II)PC(-3)]^-$. Structural parameters were obtained by analyzing extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) oscillations with theoretical phases and amplitudes calculated from FEFF 6.01 using multiple-scattering theory. When applied to the powder FePC, the average iron-to-phthalocyanine nitrogen distance, d(Fe-$N_p$) and the coordination number were found to be 1.933 $\AA$ and 3.2, respectively, and these values are the same, within experimental error, as those reported ( $1.927\AA$ and 4). Virtually no structural changes were found upon adsorption except for the increased Debye-Wailer factor of $0.005\AA^2$ from $0.003\AA^2.$ Oxidation of Fe(II)PC(-2) to $[Fe(III)PC(-2)]^+$ yielded an increased d(Fe-Np) (1 $.98\AA)$ and Debye-Wailer factor $(0.005\AA^2).$ The formation of $[Fe(II)PC(-3)]^-$, however, produced a shorter d(Fe-$N_p$) of $1.91\AA$ the same as that of crystalline FePC within experimental error, and about the same DebyeWaller $factor(0.006\AA^2)$.

Studies on Solvent Extraction Using Salphen for Separative Determination of Trace Fe(II) and Fe(III) in Water Samples

  • Kim, Eun-Jook;Kim, Young-Sang;Choi, Jong-Moon
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제29권1호
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    • pp.99-103
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    • 2008
  • Solvent extraction using salphen as a ligand has been investigated for the selective separation and determination of trace Fe(II) and Fe(III). A salphen ligand was synthesized, and solvent extraction variables, such as solution pH, the concentration of salphen, the type of organic solvent, auxiliary agents, oxidants and the effect of interference were optimized. Salphen is stable at pH 3-4, and Fe(III)-salphen complexes can be selectively extracted into an MIBK(4-methyl-2-pentanone) phase from an aqueous solution within this pH range. For the determination of the total amount of iron in 100 mL of aqueous solution, Fe(II) ions were completely oxidized using 0.05 mL of 3.5% H2O2 without side reactions. To evaluate its applicability, the proposed method was applied to determine trace Fe(II) and Fe(III) in several kinds of water samples. Reproducible results were obtained with RSD of less than 3.0%, and the recoveries for this reliability were obtained with 91-112%.

Modeling As(III) and As(V) adsorption and transport from water by a sand coated with iron-oxide colloids

  • Ko, Il-Won;Lee, Cheol-Hyo;Kim, Kyoung-Woong
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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    • pp.243-247
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    • 2004
  • Tile development of a porous iron-oxide coated sand filter system can be modelled with the analytical solution of tile transport equation in order to obtain the operating parameters and investigate the mechanism of arsenic removal. The adsorbed amount from the model simulation showed the limitation of adsorption removal during arsenic transport. A loss reaction term in the transport equation plays a role in the mass loss in column conditions, and then resulted into the better model fitting, particularly, for arsenate. Further, the competitive oxyanions delayed the breakthrough near MCL (10 $\mu$g/L) due to the competitive adsorption. This is the reason why arsenate can be strongly attracted in tile interface of an iron-oxide coated sand, and competing oxyanions can occupy the adsorption sites. Therefore, arsenic retention was regulated by non-equilibrium of arsenic adsorption in a porous iron-oxide coated sand media. The transport-limited process seemed to be affect the arsenic adsorption by coated sand.

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