• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.517-523
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• 2014

In order to remove both nitrate and sulfate present in the concentrate of RO(reverse osmosis) process, a combined bio-regeneration and ion-exchange(IX) system was studied. For this purpose, both denitrifying bacteria(DNB) and sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB) were simultaneously cultivated in a bio-reactor under anaerobic conditions. When the IX column containing a nitrate-selective A520E resin was fully exhausted by nitrate and sulfate, the IX column was bio-regenerated by pumping the supernatant of the bio-reactor, which contains MLSS concentration of $125{\pm}25mg/L$, at the flowrate of 360 BV/hr. Even though the nitrate-selective A520E resin was used, the breakthrough curves of ionic species showed that sulfate was exhausted earlier than nitrate. The reason for this result is due to the fact that the concentration of sulfate in RO concentrate was 36 to 48 times higher than nitrate. The bio-reactor was successfully operated at a volumetric loading rate of 0.6 g $COD/l{\cdot}d$, nitrate-N loading rate of 0.13 g $NO_3{^-}-N/l{\cdot}d$, and sulfate loading rate of 0.08 g $SO_4{^{2-}}/l{\cdot}d$. The removal rate of SCOD, nitrate-N, sulfate was 90, 100, and 85%, respectively. When the virgin resin was fully exhausted and consecutively bio-regenerated for 2 days, 81% of nitrate and 93% of sulfate were reduced. When the virgin resin was repeatedly used up to 4 cycles of service and bio-regeneration, the ion-exchange capacity of bio-regenerated resin decreased to 95, 91, 88, and 81% of virgin resin.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.1121-1126
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• 2010

Borosilicate glass (81% $SiO_2$-2% $Al_2O_3$-13% $B_2O_3$-4% $Na_2O_3$) was prepared, and the glass was ion exchanged in $KNO_3$ powder containing different temperature and time. The $K^+-Na^+$ ion exchange takes place at the glass surface and creates compressed stress, which raise the mechanical strength of the glass. The depth profile of $Na^+$ and $K^+$ was observed by electron probe micro analyzer. With the increasing heat-treatment time from 0min to 20min, the depth profile was increased from 17.1um to 29.4um, but mechanical properties were decreased. It was also found out that excessive heat treatment brings stress relaxation. The Vickers hardness, Fracture Toughness and bending strength of ion exchanged samples at $570^{\circ}C$ for 10min were $821.8H_v$, $1.3404MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$, and 953MPa, which is about 120%, 180%, and 450% higher than parent borosilicate glass, respectively. Transmittance was analyzed by UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer. Transmittance of ion exchanged borosilicate glass was decreased slightly at visible-range. It can be expected that transparent bulletproof materials in more light-weight and thinner by ion exchanged borosilicate glass.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.1169-1174
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• 2011

CdTe thin-film solar cell technology is well known that it can theoretically improve its conversion efficiency and manufacturing costs compared to the conventional silicon solar cell technology, due to its optical band gap energy (about 1.45eV) for solar energy absorption, high light absorption capability and low cost requirements for producing solar cells. Although the prior studies obtained the high light absorption, CdTe thin film solar cell has not been come up to the sufficient efficiency yet. So, doping method was selected for the improvement of the electrical characteristics in CdTe solar cells. Some elements including Cu, Ag, Cd and Te were generally used for the p-dopant as substitutional acceptors in CdTe thin film. In this study, the sputtering-deposited CdTe thin film was immersed in $AgNO_3$ solution for ion exchange method to dope Ag ions. The effects of immersion temperature and Ag-concentration were investigated on the optical properties and electrical characteristics of CdTe thin film by using Auger electron spectroscopy depth-profile, UV-visible spectrophotometer, and a Hall effect measurement system. The best optical and electrical characteristics were sucessfully obtained by Ag doping at high temperature and concentration. The larger and more uniform diffusion of Ag ions made increase of the Ag ion density in CdTe thin film to decrease the series resistance as well as mede the faster diffusion of light by the metal ions to enhance the light absorption.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.679-687
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• 2007

Nanoscale zero valent ion (nZVI) technology is emerging as an innovative method to treat contaminated groundwater. The activity of nZVI is very high due to their high specific surface area, and supporting this material can help to preserve its chemical nature by inhibiting oxidation. In this study, nZVI particles were attached to granular ion-exchange resin through borohydride reduction of ferrous ions, and chemical reduction of nitrate by this material was investigated as a potential technology to remove nitrate from groundwater. The pore structure and physical characteristics were measured and the change by the adsorption of nZVI was discussed. Batch tests were conducted to characterize the activity of the supported nZVI and the results indicated that the degradation of nitrate appeared to be a pseudo first-order reaction with the observed reaction rate constant of $0.425h^{-1}$ without pH control. The reduction process continued but at a much lower rate with a rate constant of $0.044h^{-1}$, which is likely limited by mass transfer. To assess the effects of other ions commonly found in groundwater, the same experiments were conducted in simulated groundwater with the same level of nitrate. In simulated groundwater, the rate constant was $0.078h^{-1}$ and it also reduced to $0.0021h^{-1}$ in later phase. The major limitation in application of ZVI for nitrate reduction is ammonium production. By using a support material with ion exchange capacity, the problem of ammonium release can be solved. The ammonium was not detected in the batch test, even when other competitive ions such as calcium and potassium existed.

• 공업화학
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.410-419
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• 2017

지구온난화, 환경오염, 가뭄 등의 재해현상으로 인한 물 부족 현상이 진행됨에 따라 수자원의 활용성을 증가시키기 위한 원천기술의 개발과 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 그중 수처리 분리막 기술은 기존 물리화학적 및 생물학적 공정보다 수질 개선 효과가 우수하고 약품 사용이 배제된 환경친화적인 공정이다. 수처리 분리막은 오폐수처리, 정수처리, 해수담수처리, 이온교환 공정, 초순수 제조, 유기용매 분리 등 다양한 분야에 적용되며 분리막을 이용한 수처리 기술은 점차 응용 범위가 넓어지고 있는 추세이다. 수처리 분리막의 핵심 기술은 분리성능을 조절하기 위한 기공 사이즈를 조절하는 것으로써 더 나은 성능을 나타내는 분리막을 개발하기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 수처리용 분리막의 특허 및 논문의 기술경쟁력 평가를 통하여 국가별, 기관별 발표 빈도수를 정리하였으며, 오폐수처리용 분리막, 정수처리용 분리막, 해수담수화용 분리막, 그리고 이온교환공정용 분리막에 대한 평가를 진행하고, 향후 연구 방향에 대하여 제시해 보고자 한다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

ANL에서 개발한 유 무기 복합의 신이온교환수지인 Diphosil은 silica 물질에 diphosphonic acid 그룹을 결합시킨 구조를 가지고 있다. Diphosil을 원전 운영 중 발생되는 방사성폐액 처리에 적용하기 위해 주대상 핵종인 $^{137}Cs,\;^{60}Co$을 사용하여 흡착 평형과 컬럼 실험을 수행하였다. 흡착 평형 실험을 통하여 $^{137}Cs$과 $^{60}Co$의 제거율과 그 제거율에 미치는 다양한 조건에서 비방사성 이온의 영향을 조사하였다. 대상 핵종에 대한 파과곡선은 모의 방사성 폐액을 이용한 실험실 수준의 컬럼 실험을 통해 구하였고, Diphosil의 제거능력을 현재 원전에서 쓰이고 있는 Amberlite IRN 77 수지와 비교하였다.

• 청정기술
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2007

바이오디젤은 식물성 또는 동물성 유지를 알콜과 화학적으로 반응하여 얻어진 지방산 알킬에스터로서 친환경적인 대체에너지로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서 폐식용유와 유채유에 대한 전처리 공정에 고체 산(acid)이온 교환수지를 도입하여 자유지방산을 제거함으로써 바이오디젤로의 전환율을 높이고자 하였다. 이온교환수지를 이용한 전처리를 통해 자유지방산의 90%이상을 제거할 수 있었으며 젖은 상태의 수지보다 건조 상태의 수지의 자유지방산 제거효율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 전이에스테르화를 통해 최대 98%의 수율로 지방산 메틸에스터를 얻을 수 있었으며 본 연구 결과는 자유지방산의 제거가 필요한 바이오디젤 원료유의 전처리에 효과적으로 적용될 수 있다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.145-151
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• 2014

The glass used for mobile display windows is required to have high strength. Chemical strengthening by means of ion exchange is widely used glass. The depth of the layer and the compressed stress are affected by tempering temperature and time. The purpose of this study is to investigate the range of DOL and CS, which to less breakage during reliability tests such as the ball drop test, hole drop test, 3-point bending test, drop test, and tumble test with Soda-lime Glass.

• 한국고분자학회지:고분자과학과기술
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.179-186
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• 1999

• 멤브레인
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.142-150
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 지하수 내 질산성 질소 이온을 제거하기 위해 전기투석 공정에 적용가능한 음이온교환 복합막을 제조하였다. 막의 제조를 위해 기본 단량체로 vinyl benzylchloride (VBC)와 styrene (ST), 가교제로 divinylbenzene (DVB), 그리고 개시제 $\alpha,\alpha$-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN)으로 이루어진 단량체 용액에 구조적으로 단단한 fabric을 함침한 후 열중합 가교시켜 복합막을 생성한 다음 trimethylamine (TMA)과 acetone을 이용해 음이온 교환기($-N^+(CH_3)_3$)를 함유하는 복합막을 제조하였다. 제조한 아민화 완료된 poly(VBC-ST-DVB)/fabric 복합막들의 특성을 알아보고자 막의 함수율, 이온교환 용량(IEC) 및 전기저항을 아스톰사의 상용화 음이온교환막(AMX)과 비교 조사하였다. 그 결과 제조된 막들은 아스톰사의 AMX보다 높은 IEC와 낮은 전기저항 특성을 나타냈다. 또한 제조된 음이온막을 전기투석장치에 설치하여 $NaNO_3$, $MgSO_4$, NaF (각각 100 mg/L) 등의 이온제거 실험을 60분 수행한 결과 $NaNO_3$뿐만 아니라 $MgSO_4$, NaF 이온 등도 1 mg/L 이하까지 잘 제거되었음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 전기투석 15분 전후로 하여 이온전도도값의 변화가 거의 없는 것으로 보아 전기투석 특성을 실험한 결과 전기투석 약 15분 이내에 이온이 제거되었음을 확인할 수 있었다.