• Molecules and Cells
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 2009

To evaluate the involvement of translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIFiso4E in Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) infection in pepper, we conducted a genetic analysis using a segregating population derived from a cross between Capsicum annuum 'Dempsey' containing an elF4E mutation ($pvr1^2$) and C. annuum 'Perennial' containing an elFiso4E mutation (pvr6). C. annuum 'Dempsey' was susceptible and C. annuum 'Perennial' was resistant to ChiVMV. All $F_1$ plants showed resistance, and $F_2$ individuals segregated in a resistant-susceptible ratio of 166:21, indicating that many resistance loci were involved. Seventy-five $F_2$ and 329 $F_3$ plants of 17 families were genotyped with $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 allele-specific markers, and the genotype data were compared with observed resistance to viral infection. All plants containing homozygous genotypes of both $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 were resistant to ChiVMV, demonstrating that simultaneous mutations in elF4E and eIFiso4E confer resistance to ChiVMV in pepper. Genotype analysis of $F_2$ plants revealed that all plants containing homozygous genotypes of both $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 showed resistance to ChiVMV. In protein-protein interaction experiments, ChiVMV viral genome-linked protein (VPg) interacted with both eIF4E and eIFiso4E. Silencing of elF4E and eIFiso4E in the VIGS experiment showed reduction in ChiVMV accumulation. These results demonstrated that ChiVMV can use both eIF4E and eIFiso4E for replication, making simultaneous mutations in eIF4E and eIFiso4E necessary to prevent ChiVMV infection in pepper.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 1994

Soft tissue sarcoma of the head and neck is not frequent neoplasm, accounting for less than 1% of all malignant neoplasm in the region. The histological varieties include osteogenic sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, tenosynovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcomas of the head and neck usually occur in children under the age of 10 years (over 70%) and rarely develop in adults over the age of 20 years. The prevalent sites of involvement include the orbit, nasal cavity, external ear, paranasal sinus and soft tissue of mouth and the primary location of tumor is considered to be one of the important prognostic factors. Before the 1960s, when surgical resection was the only method of treatment, the 5-year survival rate was less than 20%, but recently it has been greatly improved by the multimodality treatment, combining surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Here we treated a rhabdomyosarcoma woman with three cycles of high dose chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy. After the, completion of preoperative treatments, successful result of more than partial response was achieved. Three months later total maxillectomy and radical neck dissection was performed. There was no evidence of tumor infiltration in the resected tumor and regional lymphnodes but metastasized tumor cells in cervical lymphnodes were detected. Tumor cell infiltration was also found on the bone marrow biopsy to evaluate the pancytopenia which occurred during postoperative recovery. Two months later she died of secondary bone marrow failure. We think that this multimodality treatment combining pre-operative chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery might play an important role in curative resection and eyeball preservation in patients with rhabdomyosarcoma involving the eyeball.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.585-593
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• 2015

Stress fiber (SF) alteration is mediated by cellular receptors, which, upon interaction with the extracellular counterpart, signal to the actin cytoskeleton for remodeling. This association is mediated by a variety of scaffold and signaling factors, which control the mechanical and signaling activities of the interaction site. The heterotrimeric transmembrane lymphotoxin α1β2 (LTα1β2), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of cytokines, including soluble homotrimeric lymphotoxin (LT α), plays an important role in lymphoid tissue architecture. Ligation between LTα1β2 and the lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) activates signal-cascade in fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). We found LTβR stimulation using an agonistic anti-LTβR antibody alone or combined with LTα or TNFα induced changes in the actin and plasticity of cells. To clarify the involvement of myosin underlying the alteration, we analyzed the effect of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) with an MLCK inhibitor (ML7), the phosphorylation level of myosin light chains (MLC), and the level of phospho-myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) after treatment with an agonistic anti-LTβR antibody for cytoskeleton reorganization in FRCs. The inhibition of MLCK activity induced changes in the actin cytoskeleton organization and cell morphology in FRC. In addition, we showed the phosphorylation of MLC and MYPT1 was reduced by LTβR stimulation in cells. A DNA chip revealed the LTβR stimulation of FRC down-regulated transcripts of myosin and actin components. Collectively, these results suggest LTβR stimulation is linked to myosin regarding SF alteration in FRC.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.69-87
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• 2014

This research is to develop ethical clothes consumption education program that adopts PBL which is student centered professor-learning method where the learner actively participates in lessons to recognize problems and solve them. This research also tried to see the changes in the students' ethical clothes consumption awareness and problem solving skills and self-directed learning ability after applying this program to lessons. With total of four study topic, seven ethical clothes consumption education programs were developed, and the actual lesson was conducted in controlled group and experiment group. Summary of this research is as followed: First, ethical clothes consumption education program was developed using PBL. Second, teenagers' ethical clothes consumption awareness increased much more than before the course. As both the control group and the experiment group were proven to have high ethical clothes consumption involvement and awareness, it was possible to confirm there is a need for systematic and continuous consumption education at school. Third, when a post test on changes in problem solving ability and self-directed learning ability after applying PBL based ethical clothes consumption education program was conducted, students' problem solving ability was enhanced and both factors, the awareness and behavior of self-directed learning, showed significant difference.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2006

All-trans retinoic acid (AtRA) induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in a variety of tumer cells, including MCF-7 cells. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) system has been reported to be associated with the development of cancer. Although MCF-7 cell with AtRA is to be the major stimulus for the cell growth and apoptosis, the mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) system remains to be elucidated. Thus, this study was conducted to the effect of AtRA on the gene expression and level of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. In addition, we investigated the involvement of PKC-${\delta}$ on the IGF-I and IGFBP-3 secretion in MCF-7 cell. AtRA(${\geq}10^{-7}M$) decreased the IGF-1 secretion and mRNA expressions, but increased IGFBP-3 secretion and mRNA expressions in MCF-7 cells. Especially, the treatment of AtRA at 72 hours caused a significant reduction in the IGF-I secretion and mRNA expressions but increment in IGFBP-3 secretion and mRNA expressions (p < 0.05). $10^{-7}M$ AtRA activated PKC-${\delta}$ that is one among PKC-$\iota$, ${\alpha}$, ${\lambda}$ and ${\delta}$ in MCF-7 cell. Rotllerin, a PKC-${\delta}$ inhibitor, blocked AtRA-induced inhibition of the IGF-I and mRNA expressions, and increase of lGFBP-3 and mRNA expressions in MCF-7 cell. Together, AtRA inhibited the IGF-I secretion and mRNA expressions, but increased IGFBP-3 secretion and mRNA expressions in MCF-7 cell. Furthermore, AtRA-induced alteration of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 secretion, and the gene expressions were mediated via PKC-${\delta}$ activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1183-1191
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• 2013

Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APEX-1) is a multifunctional protein that is capable of repairing abasic sites and single-strand breaks in damaged DNA. In addition, it serves as a redox-modifying factor for a number of transcription factors. Identifying the transcriptional targets of APEX-1 is essential for understanding how it affects various cellular outcomes. Expression array analysis was used to identify glial cell-derived neurotropic factor receptor ${\alpha}1$ ($GFR{\alpha}1$), which is an encoding receptor for the glial cell-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) family, the expression of which is induced by APEX-1. A target of GDNF/$GFR{\alpha}$ signaling, c-Src (Tyr418) was strongly phosphorylated by GNDF in the APEX-1 expressing cells. Moreover, GDNF initiated cell proliferation, measured by counting the number of cells, in the APEX-1 expressing cells. Importantly, the down-regulation of APEX-1 by siRNA caused a marked reduction in the $GFR{\alpha}1$ expression level, and it reduced the ability of GDNF to phosphorylate c-Src (Tyr418) and stimulate cell proliferation. These results demonstrate an association between APEX-1 and GDNF/$GFR{\alpha}$ signaling and suggest a potential molecular mechanism for the involvement of APEX-1 in cell survival and proliferation.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 1998

Purpose : This study was to evaluate survival, failure patterns, and prognostic factors of stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx after curative radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : A retrospective analysis was done for 57 patients with glottic cancer who were treated with curative radiation therapy from June 1985 to November 1992. There were 55 male and two female patients. Patients' age ranged from 17 to 71 years(median 39 years). Radiation therapy was delivered five times a week, 2 Gy daily, total 66 Gy using 6 MV X-ray. Results : Complete response(CR) was noted in 51 out of 57 patients (89.5%) and persistent disease (PER) in six out of 57 patients(10.5%). The disease-free survival rates at 3 and 5 years were 72.9% and 63.8%, respectively. Seven failures were observed among 51 CR patients during follow-up. Salvage total laryngectomy for six recurred patients and partial laryngectomy for one recurred patient were done with successful results, i.e., all of them were actually salvaged. Among six PER patients, salvage total laryngectomy for two patients and partial laryngectomy for two patients were done and two patients refused operation. Following salvage surgery for the four PER patients, three were salvaged and one failed locoregionally. Among the 13 failures 10(76.9%) were salvaged with surgery. The ultimate local control rate at 5 years was 92.3% and overall 47 out of 57 (82.5%) patients were able to preserve their larynx. The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 85.5% for posterior lesions, and 61.6% for anterior lesions(P<0.05). Cord mobility, involvement of anterior commissure, field size, and T stage did not impact on disease-free survival. Conclusion : Considering the high percentage of voice preservation with initial radiotherapy, radiotherapy should be the first choice in the treatment of stage 1 glottic carcinoma.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.366-377
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• 2010

As internet and mobile technology brings rapid transformation to this society of information, how relations are conducted between customers have become a critical factor influencing companies. Companies are creating Internet communities based on their brands, encouraging customers to actively form and develop brand communities. Thus, this report proposes a plan to analyze the effectiveness of community activities based on the customers active involvement and how to effectively manage and utilize it. The purpose of this research is to understand the effects on-line brand communities and their characters have on customer behavior. Also, it will study the effects community attitudes have on brand decisions and oral transmission communication when on-line brand communities choose a brand. This report was conducted to survey on-line university students to understand how communities' attitude affects the decision of on-line university brand and oral transmissions when students choose to study at a on-line university. According to research, those factors brought positive responses to character of the brand communities(confidentiality of information, interactivity, convenience, intimacy) and by doing so, on the customer's attitude side, positive results on intention of purchase and oral transmissions can be expected. In addition, the character of the brand communities affects intention of purchase and oral transmission communication. Based on this research, it is possible to propose a marketing strategy that revitalizes brand communities' activities.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.283-292
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• 2004

Today's fast-paced world is becoming increasingly characterized by technology-facilitated transactions. Growing numbers of customers interact with technology to create service outcomes instead of interacting with a service firm employee. Self-service technologies provide technological interfaces that enable customers to produce a service independent of direct service employee involvement. To investigate on the customer satisfaction with self-technological based product design in Subway. I used the critical incident technique developed by Flanagan(1954) with quantitative measures of attributions. In this research, it results that customers are considered more important the value of technological-function and easy to use than the aspect of automated machine. It is likely that the technological aspect of many self-service options has a unique influence on customer perceptions of self-service encounters. Also, Research has shown that customer's needs are defined as situations in which external environmental factors add a sense of urgency to the transaction and saved time. On the other hand, customers realize that their favorable image of self-technological based product follows as ; first, customers prefer to the simple & modern image on the aspect of product design, secondly, customers prefer to the hitech-functional image to do its job fast in a short time by automated technology on the aspect of functional service, thirdly, customers prefer to the comfortable and sanitary image to be suitable for the underground circumstance.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.5 s.85
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• pp.613-618
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• 2007

Azoospermia factor(AZFa, b, and c) regions have been focused on their involvement in the spermatogenic process by frequent observation of microdeletion in male infertility. Among the azoospermia factors, RBMY1, CDY1, and VCY2 genes are strongly associated with the male germinal cell differentiation and development in testis. Using RT-PCR approach, expression patterns of RBMY1, CDY1, and VCY2 genes are examined in testicular biopsy specimens from 42 Korean azoospermic patients. No expression of RBMY1, CDY1, and VCY2 genes appeared as 34%, 66%, and 27% of the male infertility, respectively. Patients who had no expression of RBMY1 and VCY2 genes also showed negative expression of the CDY1 gene in their testis tissues. All Sertoli cell-only syndrome patients showed no expression of the CDY1 gene. Taken together, the CDY1 gene expression seems to be necessary factor to complete spermatogenesis in Korean population.