• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.288-299
• /
• 2002

The patients with abdominal surgery usually have acute pain. It is important for a patient's qualify of life and for good recovery after surgery to control the postoperative pain. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between emotional state of preoperative patients and postoperative pain. The participants in this study were the 100 patients receiving abdominal surgery who received Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia (IV-PCA) at the end of the operation. The data were collected using questionnaires and the period of the data collection was from March to August, 2001. The instruments used for this study were The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Developed by Spielberger (1972), The Center for Epidemeologic Studies-Depression (CESD) scale and Visual Analog scale (VAS). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. t-test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation coefficient with the SPSS program. The results are as follows. 1. For general characteristics there were significant differences in the degree of trait anxiety according to gender (p= 0.0010), marital status (p=0.0122), religion (p=0.0040), education (p=0.0001), occupation (p=0.0002). monthly income (p=0.0001), diagnosis (p=0.0001), and operation title (p = 0.0001). 2. For general characteristics there were significant differences in the degree of state anxiety according to gender (p= 0.0023), education (P=0.0073), monthly income (p=0.0001), diagnosis (p=0.0005), and operation title (P =0.0063). 3. For general characteristics there were significant differences in the degree of depression according to gender (p= 0.0073), occupation (p=0.0469), monthly income (p=0.0001), diagnosis (p=0.012). and operation title (p =0.0033). 4. For general characteristics there were significant differences in the degree of postoperative pain according to gender (p=0.0213), marital status (p=0.0082), education (p=0.0016), occupation (p =0.0128). monthly income (p=0.0008), diagnosis (p =0.0007), and operation title (p =0.0008). 5. The relationship between trait anxiety and postoperative pain revealed a significant positive correlation (r =0.51, p =0.0001), and the relationship between state anxiety and postoperative pain revealed a significant positive correlation (r=0.50. p=0.0001) and the relationship between Depression and pain revealed a significant positive correlation (r =0.49. p =0.0001).

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.10 no.3 s.35
• /
• pp.297-306
• /
• 2005

Compendium of arithmetic, geometry, and proportions and proportionality' that was published in Venice in 1494 has been recognized as the first bookkeeping data in the world. Major characteristics of Pacioli's bookkeeping rules were reviewed in this study as follows: All the necessary particulars for double entry bookkeeping were provided in Pacioli's bookkeeping rules;. List of property was described at the time of start of business; Three major books were used; Details of daily transactions were considered to be important; Strike through was lined at each description in journal books, details of daily transactions, and list of property after entry of ledger; Amount columns were provided and Arabic numerals were used; Annual settlement custom was being initiated; Profit and loss account was prepared at year-end; Trial balance sheet was inevitably described; Books were verified prior to closing accounts; Control account was not established; Financial statements were not prepared and business analysis was made, too; Finished goods inventory was not adjusted; Mark was assigned to books; Inter-office account was prepared; Branch accounts and branch ledgers were prepared; There was entries of trust; Current arrangement was described; The principle 'Cost or market price, whichever is lower basis' was promoted: Petty cash system is explained Checks and bills of exchange are used in bank account. As mentioned, characteristics of Pacioli's bookkeeping rules were reviewed; the signs of necessity for preparation of profit and loss statement and balance sheet is found as well as preparation of trial balance sheet and the rules may be considered as a very excellent one in terms of the bookkeeping on initiating stage of double entry bookkeeping.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.263-284
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of game-centered empathy training on the prosocial behaviors of elementary schoolers in a bid to suggest how their prosocial behaviors could be boosted. The research questions were posed as below: 1. Does game-based empathy training improve the overall empathy of school children? 2. Does game-based empathy training have a better effect on the cognitive empathy of school children or their emotional empathy? 3. Does game-based empathy training enhance the prosocial behaviors of school children? The subjects in this study were 62 children in their fourth year of D elementary school in Eumseong-gun, north Chungcheong province. They were divided into an experimental group and a control group, and a survey was conducted before and after the experimental group under-went empathy training for about six weeks. The instrument used in this study was David(1980)'s Interpersonal Reactivity Index adopted by Park Sung-hee(1996) to suit school children. Another instrument was Park Sung-hee (1997)'s inventory to assess the prosocial behaviors of children. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 for Windows program, and reliability analysis and t-test were employed. The findings of the study were as follows: First, as for the effects of the game-based empathy training on the overall empathy of the elementary school youngsters that included both emotional and cognitive empathy, both groups got lower scores in posttest than in pretest. The experiment produced unexpected results, as the experimental group got significantly lower scores. This fact indicated that the game-based empathy training was ineffective. Second, the game-centered empathy training didn't exercise any influences on their cognitive and emotional empathy. The experiment had a reverse impact on the cognitive and emotional empathy of the experimental group, which implied that the training served as a factor to deteriorate the two types of empathy, and the hypothesis posed in this study was rejected. Therefore, which type of empathy could make a better progress by being exposed to the training couldn't definitely be determined. Third, the game-based empathy training didn't serve to Improve the prosocial behaviors of the elementary schoolers. There was no change in the experimental group, and this fact signified that there's something wrong with the attempt to develop school children's empathy to step up their prosocial behaviors. Based on the above-mentioned findings, the following conclusion was reached: First, the game-centered empathy training had no effects on boosting the overall empathy of the school children. Second, the game-centered empathy training couldn't be said to be effective in improving either cognitive empathy or emotional one. From a viewpoint of relativity, that could be said to affect emotional empathy more than cognitive one. Third, the game-based empathy training wasn't effective in improving prosocial behaviors. Rather, that resulted in interrupting the promotion of prosocial behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.508-521
• /
• 2006

The results of environmental equity analysis vary dramatically depending on different methods used. The information and data available to the researcher are also often uncertain and imprecise in empirical studies. A sensitivity analysis approach was used too handle uncertainties and methodological inconsistencies in environmental equity analysis. This paper explores the sensitivity of environmental equity analysis to two spatial measures such as proximity and scale. Two experiments were implemented to evaluate the effects of two spatial measures on the environmental equity analysis using a combination of control and experimental factors. Fulton County, Georgia was selected as a case study area for these experiments. Two major data sets including demographic characteristics and toxic release inventory (TRI) database for the study area in 1990 were integrated into a GIS environment. Two statistical analyses such as independent samples t-test and coefficient of variation were performed to determine the environmental equity in the study area and to compare the relative variability in the socioeconomic characteristics of populations over different spatial measures. The findings from two experiments indicate that the outcomes of environmental equity analysis are slightly sensitive to the buffer distance used to determine the impact zones of TRI facilities, but not to the geographic scale used in the analysis. The findings also suggest that the consequences of these choices can alter spatially and statistically the results in environmental equity analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.31 no.7
• /
• pp.565-572
• /
• 2009

Greenhouse gas(GHG) inventories and basic strategies for Jeonbuk regional government were established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The method to construct GHG inventories of Jeonbuk followed the 'Revised IPCC 1996 Guidelines'which was used for the 'Third National Communication of the Republic of Korea under UNFCCC'. Korean government could use primary energy consumption for the energy industries section in the national GHG inventories. However, regional governments should use secondary energy consumption (included electricity consumption) for the energy industries section for their GHG inventories because they could not control the emission of energy transformation section. In the result of Jeonbuk GHG inventories in 2006, carbon dioxide($CO_2$) emissions from fuel combustion covered 87.1% of total emissions. Methane($CH_4$), carbon dioxide($CO_2$) from other sections, nitrous oxide($N_2O$) and F-gas(HFCs, PFCs, $SF_6$) accounted for 8.1, 2.2, 1.6 and 1.0% of total emissions, respectively. The sectional emission decreased in the order of the energy(88.0%), agriculture(7.6%), waste(2.3%) and industrial processes(2.1%) section. The energy industries section that contained electricity consumption was the most dominant emission source in the energy section. F-gas consumption, rice cultivation and waste incineration were main emission sources in the industrial processes, agriculture and waste section, respectively. In this study, basic directions of each section were established by the results of Jeonbuk GHG inventories in 2006.

• Journal of Korean language education
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.1-23
• /
• 2018

This paper investigates how adult Mandarin- and English- speaking learners of Korean perceive Korean vowels, with focus on the effect of the first language (L1) and the second language (L2) acoustic relationship, as well as the influence of Korean language experience. For this study, native Mandarin and Canadian English speakers who have learned Korean as a foreign language, as well as a control group of native Korean speakers, participated in two experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to examine acoustic similarities between Korean and English vowels, as well as Korean and Mandarin vowels to predict which Korean vowels are relatively easy, or difficult for L2 learners to perceive. The linear discriminant analysis (Klecka, 1980) based on their L1-L2 acoustic similarity predicted that L2 Mandarin learners would have perceptual difficulty rankings for Korean vowels as follows: (the easiest) /i, a, e/ >> /ɨ, ʌ, o, u/ (most difficult), whereas L2 English learners would have perceptual difficulty rankings for Korean vowels as follows: (the easiest) /i, a, e, ɨ, ʌ/ >> /o, u/ (most difficult). The goal of Experiment 2 was to test how accurately L2 Mandarin and English learners perceive Korean vowels /ɨ, ʌ, o, u/ which are considered to be difficult for L2 learners. The results of a mixed-effects logistic model revealed that English listeners showed higher identification accuracy for Korean vowels than Mandarin listeners, indicating that having a larger L1 vowel inventory than the L2 facilitates L2 vowel perception. However, both groups have the same ranking of Korean vowel perceptual difficulty: ɨ > ʌ > u > o. This finding indicates that adult learners of Korean can perceive the new vowel /ɨ/, which does not exist in their L1, more accurately than the vowel /o/, which is acoustically similar to vowels in their L1, suggesting that L2 learners are more likely to establish additional phonetic categories for new vowels. In terms of the influence of experience with L2, it was found that identification accuracy increases as Korean language experience rises. In other words, the more experienced English and Mandarin learners of Korean are, the more likely they are to have better identification accuracy in Korean vowels than less experienced learners of Korean. Moreover, there is no interaction between L1 background and L2 experience, showing that identification accuracy of Korean vowels is higher as Korean language experience increases regardless of their L1 background. Overall, these findings of the two experiments demonstrated that acoustic similarity between L1 and L2 sounds using the LDA model can partially predict perceptual difficulty in L2 acquisition, indicating that other factors such as perceptual similarity between L1 and L2, the merge of Korean /o/ and /u/ may also influence their Korean vowel perception.

• 재활복지
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.101-118
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of virtual reality game on old stroke patient's depression, relationship and life satisfaction. The subjects of this study were 40 stroke patients of over 65 years old and each 20 patients were randomly assigned in two groups. The study was conducted for 12 weeks. Nintendo Wii Sports Resort program was applied to the virtual reality game for the experimental group. In order to investigate psychological social factor (depression, relationship) and life satisfaction of the objects, BDI, RCS, LSI-Z were checked three times. The results are as followings. First, the psychological social change (depression, relationship) after the training program showed that depression is significantly decreased (p<.001) along with the intervention period in both 2 groups. Second, change of life satisfaction after the training program showed that significant statistical improvement were found both in control group(p<.05), and experimental group(p<.001). Third, depression, relationship showed the significant statistically correlation with life satisfaction(p<.05). We can conclude from the above that virtual reality games which were played by 2 persons had the significant effect on old stroke patient's psychological social factor(depression, relationship) and life satisfaction.

• Anxiety and mood
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.84-93
• /
• 2019

Objective : The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between occupational stress and depression, as it is seen to be corresponding with the work characteristics of local government officials. Methods : The data of 671 local government officials who participated in this study from July to December 2015 as a part of an occupational stress management program, were analyzed retrospectively in this study. Likewise, the participants completed questionnaires, including a short form of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) the results of which were evaluated and reviewed. Results : The study noted that the subscales of occupational stress related to depression were varied, according to the work characteristics of the participants, after adjusting for age and job grade. It was found that the participant's variables of job insecurity, lack of reward, organizational system and occupational climate were significantly related to the development of a depressed mood in the participant in a general sense. Notably, the factor of interpersonal conflict was significantly related to depressed mood among the general administrative group; meanwhile, lack of reward in the welfare group and insufficient job control in the technical group were significantly associated with the likelihood of developing a depressed mood in participants reviewed. In the operation and maintenance of facilities group, job insecurity was significantly related with depressed mood, whereas job demand was related more with the incidence of depression in the field work group. Conclusion : This study revealed that the influence of occupational stress on depression varied according to the occupational characteristics experienced by the participants in the work environment. These findings may be used to enhance the occupational stress management program for local government officials according to their work characteristics, to bring awareness to this issue.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.453-466
• /
• 2022

This study attempted to examine the role of gender roles in psychological distress of Korean adult men. Specifically, it was attempted to verify whether compliance with multidimensional male gender roles predicts psychological distress through gender role conflict. To this end, this study was conducted on 358 male participants aged 19 to 39 using the Korean Conformity to Masculine Norm Inventory, Korean Male Gender Role Conflict Scale, and General Health Questionnaire. As a result of the study, it was found that the influence on psychological distress through male gender role conflict was different depending on the sub-factors of the male gender norm. The sub-factors of masculine norms, 'power and control', 'job - independence', and 'emotion suppression', were statically predicted psychological distress through the medium of 'fear for femininity', which is a sub-factor of gender role conflict. Meanwhile, among the male norms, 'male leadership' and 'family support' had negative direct effects on psychological distress, and the indirect effects through gender role conflict were not significant. The results of this study suggest that the sub-factors of male norms have different functions for psychological distress, and in particular, the dysfunctional role of male norms can be caused by negative emotions about femininity during gender role conflict.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.283-290
• /
• 2022

In this study, an IoT inspection system that can be linked with a server was developed using a gas timer and ESP-01 Wi-Fi module installed on a gas valve in the home. The server environment of the gas leak IoT inspection system was installed with APM (Apache, PHP, MySQL) to collect gas pressure data by generation so that leakage checks could be performed. In order to control the gas leak IoT inspection system, the app inventory was used to manage the gas leak check value in real time. In addition, user convenience has been enhanced so that membership management, WiFi settings, and leakage check values can be checked through mobile apps. In order to manage subscribers by region, the user list was checked by logging in in in the administrator mode so that the information on whether or not the leak test was conducted and the results could be provided. In addition, when the user presses the gas leak check button, the pressure is automatically checked, and the measured value is stored in the server, and when a gas leak occurs, the leakage check is performed after alarm and repair so that it can be used if normal. In addition, in order to prevent overlapping membership, membership management can be performed based on MAC addresses.