• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.237-241
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• 2010

Many policies have been implemented to mitigate the greenhouse gases in atmosphere overall of sectors. With considering the distinct characteristics of the food security, agricultural sector is no exception to this situation. To this regard, total amount of carbon which is emitted through all of the agricultural production process is calculated, and being based on this result, the demand for the introduction of agricultural production system with low carbon has been rising. Case studies on the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) technique to agricultural sector are found in many countries. For example, life cycle inventory (LCI) data bases of crop, farm infrastructure, fertilizer, farm machinery, and etc., have been constructed and provided by Ecoinvent (Swiss centre for life cycle inventories) of Swiss. In Japan, Top-down typed LCA methodology for agriculture is developed based on the inter-industry analysis, and is evaluated according to the productive method of crop. On the other hand, environmental impact assessment of agricultural system using LCA in Korea is just in the beginning stages. So it is required to assess environmental impact on agricultural fertilizer and pesticide, and to develop their flow modeling, and methodology of LCA of agricultural sector. Environmental impact assessment on agricultural materials, machinery, and infrastructure will also be carried out.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2018

Objectives : The aims of this study were to investigate the psychopathology in adolescents with internalizing disorder using the self-report version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-SR) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for adolescents (MMPI-A), and to explore the complementarity between these two inventories for diagnostic assessment. Methods : Ninety-one patients aged 13-17 were divided into two groups by clinical diagnosis, 44 with internalizing disorder and 47 comparison group with other disorders. The data of SDQ-SR and MMPI-A completed by them were analyzed for the ability to predict internalizing disorder. Results : The logistic regression analysis revealed that diagnostic predictability increased by 2.27 times with every 1 point of SDQ-SR emotional symptom score increment. Comparison of ROC curves for internalizing disorders showed that the SE and SP of SDQ-SR emotional symptom with score over 4 was 88.94 and 78.72, respectively. For A-anx of MMPI-A with score over 56, SE and SP was 77.27 and 74.47, respectively. However, combination of these scales could not enhance the predictability of diagnostic classification more than that of SDQ-SR emotional symptom alone. Conclusions : Emotional symptom scale of SDQ-SR and A-anx, A-aln, A and INTR of MMPI-A should be important subscales for diagnosing the internalizing disorder of adolescents, however, which needs to be examined further with a larger sample size including normal control group.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2006

Inventories, and characteristics such as dimension, fuel rod array, weight, $^{235}U$ enrichment, and discharge burnup of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) generated from existing and planed nuclear power plants based on National 2nd Basic Plan for Electric Power Demand and Supply were investigated and projected to support geological disposal system design. The historical and projected inventory by the end 2057 is expected to be 20,500 and 14,800MTU for PWR and CANDU spent nuclear fuel, respectively. The quantity of SNF with initial $^{235}U$ enrichment of 4.5 wt.% and below was shown to be 96.5% in total. Average burnup of SNF revealed $\sim36$ GWD/MTU and $\sim40$ GWD/MTU for the period of 1994-1999 and 2000-2003, respectively. It is expected that the average burnup of SNF will be $\sim45$ GWD/MTU at the end of 2000's. From the comprehensive study, it was concluded that the imaginary SNF with $16\times16$ Korean Standard Fuel Assembly, cross section of $21.4cm\times21.4cm$, length of 453cm, mass of 672 kg, initial $^{235}U$ enrichment of 4.5 wt.%, discharge burnup of 55 GWD/MTU could cover almost all SNFs to be produced by 2057.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.115-130
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• 1998

An analysis on landslide types and susceptibilities associated with geomorphic characteristics has been conducted with 916 landslide inventories in Yeonchon-Chulwon District, where two day's heavy rainfall was concentrated on July, 1996. The precipitation during the 2 days, which is equivalent to 0.372 of event cofficient, can cause large landslides based on Olivier's equation. Sliding materials are dominantly composed of debris mixed with rock fragments and soil derived from colluvium and residual soils. 66% of the landslides are belong to debris flow md 23% are due to sediments flow, in accordance with the classification of sliding materials. Most of landslides(> 90%) are small and shallow, less than l00m in length and about 1m in depth, and classified as transitional type. Granite is more susceptible as much as 4.7 times than metamorphic rocks and 2.7 times than volcanic rocks, probably due to higher weathering grade of granite. The highest landslide frequency is concentrated on the areas between 200 and 300m in height and on the slopes between $10-20^{\circ}$ in dgree. More than 50% of landslides occurred under these geomorphic conditions. Consequently, colluviums and residual soils distributed on the gentle slopes are most susceptible to the landslides of the area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.7-13
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• 2014

As the interest on the air pollution is gradually rising up at home and abroad, automotive and fuel researchers have been working on the exhaust emission reduction from vehicles through a lot of approaches, which consist of new engine design, innovative after-treatment systems, using clean (eco-friendly alternative) fuels and fuel quality improvement. This research has brought forward various main issues : whether PM emissions should be regulated for diesel and gasoline vehicles and whether gasoline and LPG powered vehicles can be further neglected from PM emission inventories. Finally, the greenhouse gas ($CO_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2O$) regulation has been discussed including automotive emission regulation. The greenhouse gas and emissions (PM) particle of automotive had many problem that cause of ambient pollution, health effects. This paper discussed the influence of LPG fuel on automotive cold startability and exhaust emissions gas. Also, this paper assessed emission characteristics due to the test temperature. These test temperature were performed by dividing the temperature of the test mode and the lowest local temperature in winter. Through this study, the correlation of cold startability, exhaust emission and greenhouse gas emission was analyzed.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2015

Source term analysis should be carried out to prepare the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant. In the planning phase of decommissioning, the classification of decommissioning wastes and the cost evaluation are performed based on the results of source term analysis. In this study, the verification of MCNP/ORIGEN-2 model is carried out for preliminary source term calculation for Wolsung Unit 1. The inventories of actinide nuclides and fission products in fuel bundles with different burn-up were obtained by the depletion calculation of MCNPX code modelling the single channel. Two factors affecting the accuracy of source terms were investigated. First, the neutron spectrum effect on neutron induced activation calculation was reflected in one-group microscopic cross-sections of relevant radio-isotopes using the results of MCNP simulation, and the activation source terms calculated by ORIGEN-2 using the neutron spectrum corrected library were compared with the results of the original ORIGEN-2 library (CANDUNAU.LIB) in ORIGEN-2 code package. Second, operation history effect on activation calculation was also investigated. The source terms on both pressure tubes and calandria tubes replaced in 2010 and calandria tank were evaluated using MCNP/ORIGEN-2 with the neutron spectrum corrected library if the decommissioning wastes can be classified as a low level waste.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 2008

An estimation has been made for inventories and characteristics of spent nuclear fuel(SNF) to be generated from existing and planned nuclear power plants based on the 3rd Basic Plan for Electric Power Demand and Supply. The characteristics under consideration in this study are dimensions, a fuel rod array, a weight, $^{235}U$ enrichment, and the discharge burnup in terms of fuel assembly. These are essentially needed for designing a pyroprocessing facility. It is appeared that the anticipated quantity by the end of 2077 is about 23,000 tU for PWR spent nuclear fuel. It is revealed that the proportion of SNF with the initial $^{235}U$ enrichment below 4.5 weight percent(wt.%) is approximately 95 % in total. For SNF with 16$\times$16 fuel rod array the proportion is expected approximately 74% in total. It appears that the average burnup of SNF will be 55 GWd/tU after the medium and/or latter part of 2010s while the average burnup is 45 GWd/tU at present. Finally, a requirement in terms of reference SNF for designing the pyroprocessing facility has been derived from the above-mentioned results. The anticipated SNF seems to be 16$\times$16 Korean Standard Fuel Assembly with a cross section of 21.4 cm$\times$21.4 cm, a length of 453 cm, a mass of 672 kg, the initial $^{235}U$ enrichment of 4.5 wt.%, and the discharge burnup of 55 GWd/tU.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.506-513
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to establish the greenhouse gases (GHG) inventories and estimate the GHG reduction plans for Daegu University from 2009 to 2011. The annual average of GHG emissions in Daegu University was estimated to be 19,413 ton $CO_2$ eq during the study period. Emissions of electricity usage in Scope 2 most contributed about 55.4% of the total GHG emissions. Also, GHG emissions of Scope 2, Scope 1, and Scope 3 contributed 60.4%, 22.6%, and 17.0%, respectively. In order to estimate reduction potential of GHG, the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model was calculated using three scenarios such as sensor installation, LED replacement, and solar facility. The GHG will be reduced by 1,656 ton $CO_2$ eq for LED scenario, by 1,041 ton $CO_2$ eq for sensor scenario, and by 737 ton $CO_2$ eq for solar scenario compared to 2020 business as usual (BAU). Therefore, the total GHG emissions in 2020 apply three scenarios can be reduced by 15% compared with 2020 BAU.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.211-221
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• 2012

The Ministry of Environment will enforce air quality standards for $PM_{2.5}$ in 2015 because it affects human health as well as climate change and brings about other adverse effects. Until recently, even though a number of researches have reported $PM_{2.5}$ emissions according to sources, they have not precisely considered the emission factors correspondent to each source for emission estimation. For the sake of establishing $PM_{2.5}$ emission inventories, this study was undertaken using activity data of each source taken from CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) multiplied by each emission factor of U.S. EPA Speciate or EEA CORINAIR. The 2008's total annual $PM_{2.5}$ emission (73.971 ton/yr) can be apportioned into five sources, such as fuel combustion facilities (62.2%), mobiles (33.8%), production processes (3.2%), fires (0.4%), and waste treatments (0.3%). The results show that fuel combustion facilities and mobiles are the predominant sources of $PM_{2.5}$, and they should be taken into great account in establishing $PM_{2.5}$ standards. In addition, it is necessary and urgent to develop effective measures for reduction of $PM_{2.5}$ emissions from those two main sources as well.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.769-778
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of group art therapy on the aggression and emotional regulation ability of elementary school students over-immersed in Internet games. The subjects include 16 elementary school children from H Local Children's Center in S City and G Local Children's Center in Y City. They were allocated to the experiment and control group each of which consisted of eight. Total 12 sessions of Group art therapy were administered to the experiment group twice per week from January 4 to February 15, 2016. Employed in the study were the Internet game addiction, aggression, and emotional regulation inventories. Collected data were treated with repeated measures ANOVA for differences according to the implementation time and group. The findings show that group art therapy had positive effects for mitigating the aggression of elementary school students over-immersed in Internet games and increasing their emotional regulation ability and that those effects lasted. Those findings indicate that group art therapy is effective for alleviating the aggression of elementary school children over-immersed in Internet games and improving their emotional regulation ability. Finally, based on the reuslt of this study, the development and future direction of this program for prevention and treatment of elementary school students over-immersed in Internet games is suggested.