• 센서학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2017

A novel intravenous (IV) infusion monitoring sensor is presented to measure the drop rate in the drip chamber of an IV infusion set. It is based on a capacitive proximity sensor and detects the variation of the longitudinal electric field induced by the drop falling into the drip chamber. Unlike the conventional capacitor sensor with two semi-cylindrical conductor plates, the proximity sensor for IV monitoring is composed of a pair of conductor rings which are mounted on the outer surface of the drip chamber with a specific gap between them. The characteristics of the proximity sensor for IV monitoring were investigated through three dimensional electrostatic simulations. It showed quite superior performances in comparison with the conventional capacitor sensor. Especially, the proposed proximity sensor exhibits consistent sensitivity regardless of its mounting position on the drip chamber, operates normally though the drip chamber is tilted and shows robustness to the changes of the drop size and the drip factor of the IV infusion set. Thus, the proximity sensor for IV monitoring is more suitable for use in actual environment of IV therapy compared with the conventional capacitor sensor.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.303-307
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• 2016

Background: In dental intravenous sedation, continuous intravenous infusion of a low-dose drug requires an infusion pump such as a syringe pump. To develop a new syringe pump for clinical use, the functions of the pump must meet certain international standards. Various safety and efficacy tests must be performed on the syringe pump, as stipulated by these standards, and an approval must be received from the approving agency based on such test results. Methods: The authors of the present study developed a novel syringe pump and performed efficacy evaluation by testing its infusion speed at 1 and 25 ml/h, and infusion performance testing at 2 and 24 h. Moreover, performance evaluation was conducted by comparing the novel pump to an existing pump with the infusion speed varied from 1 to 5 ml/h. Results: In the efficacy testing on the newly developed syringe pump, infusion with the infusion speed initially set to 1 ml/h resulted in infusion speeds of 1.00 and 0.99 ml/h in the 2- and 24-h assessment, respectively. Changing the infusion speed setting to 25 ml/h resulted in an infusion speed of 25.09 and 23.92 ml/h in the 2- and 24-h assessment, respectively. These results show no significant differences when compared with other commercially available pumps. Conclusions: The efficacy testing of the newly developed syringe pump showed the accuracy to be within tolerance. Based on these findings, we believe that the newly developed syringe pump is suitable for clinical use.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2013

Purpose: For the treat hypothermia patients, active warming might be needed. In most emergency departments, IV warm saline infusion is used for treatments. However, during IV warm saline infusion, heat loss from the warm saline may occur and aggravate hypothermia. Thus, in this study, we conducted an experiment on conserving heat loss from warm saline by using a simple method. Methods: Four insulation methods were used for this study. 1) wrapping the set tube for the administration of the IV fluid with a cotton bandage, 2) wrapping the set tube for the administration of the IV fluid with a cotton bandage with aluminum foil, 3) wrapping the warm saline bag and tube with a cotton bandage, and 4) wrapping the warm saline bag and tube with a cotton bandage with aluminum foil. Intravenous fluid was preheated to a temperature between $38-40^{\circ}C$. The temperatures of the saline bag temperature and the distal end of the IV administration set were measured every ten minutes for an hour. The infusion rate was 1000 cc/hr, and to obtain an accurate infusion rate, we used an infusion pump. Results: The mean initial temperature of the saline bag was $39.11^{\circ}C$. An hour later, the fluid temperature at the distal end of the fluid temperature ranged from $39.11^{\circ}C$ to $34.3^{\circ}C$. Without any insulation, the initial temperature of the pre-heated warm saline, $39^{\circ}$ had decreased to $34.8^{\circ}C$ after having been run through the 170-cm-long IV administration tube, and after 1-hour, the temperature was $29.63^{\circ}C$. As we expected, heat loss was prevented most by wrapping both the saline bag and the IV administration set with a cotton bandage and aluminum foil. Conclusion: Wrapping both the saline bag and the IV administration set with a cotton bandage and aluminum foil can prevent heat loss during IV infusion in Emergency departments.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1998년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.127-128
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• 1998

It is necessary to maintain constant intravenous (IV) infusion rate. While infusion pump is able to control infusion rate with great accuracy, its rather large size and weight make it difficult for patients to move around. The most commonly used infusion device is gravity IV infusion set with its administration chamber being clamped according to the observed drip rate. In this case it may be easier and more accurate to maintain IV rate to given value if we automate the drip-counting process and tube-clamping work by electronic devices. We calculated volume infusion rate of specific fluid using optical drip rate meter which we had developed. To regulate fluid flow rate, we equipped the rate meter which we had developed with a miniaturized clamping apparatus using DC motor. Also, we Implemented drip detection and clamp control algorithm with PIC16C73 $\mu$-controller (Microchip). This system provides user interface through LCD display and key buttons.

• 센서학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2015

Intravenous (IV) infusion set is one of the most common treatment methods applied to hospitalized patients. However, it is necessary to check the injection of IV solution in order to prevent patients from any possible medical injuries. In this paper, using the optical sensors to detect exhaustion of IV solution was proposed. The optical sensor is coplanar structure composed of LED and photodiode which is installed according to focal distance of the lens. These two elements detect exhaustion of IV solution at the desired point conveniently. Through the results of experiments using various wavelength of LED (R.G.B), the blue LED was selected to the optimum light source. The suggested optical sensor can detect exhaustion of IV solution by the differences in the amount of light which is caused by properties such as total reflection, refractive index and scattering. From the implementation, the detector is applicable to both containers of IV solution, glass bottle and plastic pack. And also the result shows apparent differences according to existence of IV solution even if the IV solution color and illumination were changed.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2002

This study is to evaluate contamination of the 3-way stopcocks connected to infusion set, which is used to the patients admitted to emergency room in a general hospital in D city. The data were collected from Oct. 1, 2001 to Feb. 25, 2002. First of all, in order to select microorganisms, From the 50 patients were randomized, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, micrococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter detected. Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, micrococcus were determined to be evaluated in this study. As a result, 8 of the patients were Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus positive(>15 colonies), 4 were Staphylococcus aureus positive(>15 colonies). 1 was micrococcus positive(>15 colonies). Among the patients who were Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus positive 112(average) colonies were detected on the first day, 429 were on the second day, and 563 were on the third day. In case of patients of Staphylococcus aureus positive, 85(average) colonies were detected on the first day, 151 were on the second day, and the 203 were on the third day. CNS was cultured using API kit for the 8 patients who were in CNS positive. One case was detected Staphylococcus capitis, another one case was Staphylococcus chromogenes. Two cases were Staphylococcus xylosus, another two were Staphylococcus hominis, and the remainer were Staphylococcus epidermidis. As a result, the API codes of two Staphylococcus epidermidis had shown the same pattern, and the resistance patterns of the them were the same, too. As a result of resistance test among 5 patients who have shown that the same resistance pattern in 02SAK1, 02SAK5, 02SAK2, 02SAK4. As a result of this study, aseptic technique of 3-way stopcock intravenous therapy can protect infections, and it is needed the sterilization of the 3-way stopcock just before injection using disinfectants. It needs to improve the 3 way stopcock change intervals from 48 hours.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.270-276
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• 2013

Background: Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, might play a role in postoperative analgesia, but its effect on postoperative pain after caesarean section varies with study design. We investigated whether the preemptive administration of low-dose intravenous ketamine decreases postoperative opioid requirement and postoperative pain in parturients receiving intravenous fentanyl with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) following caesarean section. Methods: Spinal anesthesia was performed in 40 parturients scheduled for elective caesarean section. Patients in the ketamine group received a 0.5 mg/kg ketamine bolus intravenously followed by 0.25 mg/kg/h continuous infusion during the operation. The control group received the same volume of normal saline. Immediately after surgery, the patients were connected to a PCA device set to deliver 25-${\mu}g$ fentanyl as an intravenous bolus with a 15-min lockout interval and no continuous dose. Postoperative pain was assessed using the cumulative dose of fentanyl and visual analog scale (VAS) scores at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. Results: Significantly less fentanyl was used in the ketamine group 2 h after surgery (P = 0.033), but the difference was not significant at 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. No significant differences were observed between the VAS scores of the two groups at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. Conclusions: Intraoperative low-dose ketamine did not have a preemptive analgesic effect and was not effective as an adjuvant to decrease opioid requirement or postoperative pain score in parturients receiving intravenous PCA with fentanyl after caesarean section.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.540-545
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• 2012

Background Patients have anxiety and fear of complications due to general anesthesia. Through new instruments and local anesthetic drugs, a variety of anesthetic methods have been introduced. These methods keep hospital costs down and save time for patients. In particular, the target-controlled infusion (TCI) system maintains a relatively accurate level of plasma concentration, so the depth of anesthesia can be adjusted more easily. We conducted this study to examine whether intravenous anesthesia using the TCI system with propofol and remifentanil would be an effective method of anesthesia in breast augmentation. Methods This study recruited 100 patients who underwent breast augmentation surgery from February to August 2011. Intravenous anesthesia was performed with 10 mg/mL propofol and 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ remifentanil simultaneously administered using two separate modules of a continuous computer-assisted TCI system. The average target concentration was set at 2 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 2 ng/mL for propofol and remifentanil, respectively, and titrated against clinical effect and vital signs. Oxygen saturation, electrocardiography, and respiratory status were continuously measured during surgery. Blood pressure was measured at 5-minute intervals. Information collected includes total duration of surgery, dose of drugs administered during surgery, memory about surgery, and side effects. Results Intraoperatively, there was transient hypotension in two cases and hypoxia in three cases. However, there were no serious complications due to anesthesia such as respiratory difficulty, deep vein thrombosis, or malignant hypertension, for which an endotracheal intubation or reversal agent would have been needed. All the patients were discharged on the day of surgery and able to ambulate normally. Conclusions Our results indicate that anesthetic methods, where the TCI of propofol and remifentanil is used, might replace general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation in breast augmentation surgery.