• 대한수의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 1971

The anthelmentic effects of Fuadin (sodium antimony-III-bis-pyrocatechin-disulphonate), Bithionol 2-2-thiobis 4,6-dichlorophenol)), hexachlorethane and carbon tetrachloride were studied on Eurytrema pancreaticum infected in sheep and goats. The evaluation on the effects was based upon the egg reduction in the feces of the experimental animals administered the drugs. The number of eggs per 5gm. of the feces was respectively calculated before the treatments, and the follw-up for the egg reductions was carried out over a period of three or four weeks(calculated twice a week). Oral administration of Bithionol (once a day for 2 succeed days, at the rate of 75 mg per kg of bady weight) and of hexachlorethane (once a day, at the rate of 300ml per kg of body weight) did not reveal any egg reduction in sheep host. Intramuscular injection of carbon tetrachloride with olive oil (once a day, at the rate of 0.05ml per kg of body weight) did not show the egg reduction in goats. Intramuscular injections of Fuadin for 5 days (the dosage schedule was 0.5ml at 1st day, 1.0ml at 2nd and 3rd day, 1.5ml at 4th and 5th day, to amount of 5.5ml) were completely devoid the fluke eggs in the feces of goats on 4 weeks after each treatment. Throughout the studies, Fuadin was only proved its anthelmintic effect to the goats infected with E. pancreaticum. On the other hand, Bithional, hexachlorethane and carbon tetrachloride did not reveal any effect as Fuadin showed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2010

Background: We prospectively evaluated the incidence and possible factors causing intramuscular injection during lumbar sympathetic ganglion block and compared the multiple needle technique to the single technique to obtain a profound and complete block effect. Methods: Among 83 patients, 58 patients (group A, n = 27, multiple needle technique and group B, n = 31, single needle technique) were reevaluated for the changes of skin temperature (Ts) and mean segment of longitudinal contrast spread. After injecting the contrast agent, the incidence of psoas muscle injection and the change of Ts was compared between two groups. Results: The incidence of psoas muscle injection was 21.3% (46/216) and it was associated with the level of injection (L2) significantly (${\chi}_2$ = 14.773, P = 0.001). $DT^{post}$ (postblock temperature difference between ipsilateral and contralateral great toe, $4.6{\pm}2.8^{\circ}C$, $1.8{\pm}1.6^{\circ}C$, P < 0.001 for group A and B) and $DT^{net}$ ($DT^{post}$ - $DT^{pre}$, $3.9{\pm}2.7^{\circ}C$, $1.5{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, P < 0.001 for group A and B) was significantly higher in group A. The mean segment of longitudinal contrast spread was $8.1{\pm}0.9$ for group A and $3.2{\pm}1.6$ for group B (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The LSGB at the L2 level showed the lowest incidence of psoas muscle injection of contrast. Multiple needle approach showed more significant increase of $DT^{net}$ and $DT^{post}$.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.227-229
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• 2017

Fibrosis of skeletal muscle following acupuncture is an iatrogenic disorder. The present case illustrates a patient with a unilateral fibrotic formation on a thumb muscle after acupuncture injection therapy with red sage. The patient in the present case was a counter-terrorism police officer with right-handedness; he noted a palpable nodule three months after injection therapy at his left first dorsal interosseous in which the acupuncture point LI4 (He Gu) is located. He also found a reduction in the strength of his left pinch grip that noticeably affected his left handgun marksmanship. However, being ambidextrous in single-hand pistol shooting is an essential requirement for counter-terrorism police officers. Based on the patient's medical history and claims, no underlying disease or trauma was found to be associated with his current complaint. During physical examination, a fibrotic formation in his left first dorsal interosseous muscle was visualized by using diagnostic ultrasound; also, as confirmed with dynamometry, the strength of his left pinch grip was significantly lower than that of the right counterpart. Because acupuncture injection therapy has three components, antiseptic practices, the mechanical action of syringe insertion, and the pharmacological effect of the sterile herb extract, any one of the components may have contributed to the present adverse event. The first dorsal interosseous muscle is small in dimension and rather vascular; thus, it is not an ideal site for intramuscular injection. When a clinician needs to treat a patient by performing acupuncture at the LI4 acupoint and injecting a herbal extract simultaneously, the clinician should only mechanically stimulate the LI4 acupoint while injecting the herbal medicine into the LI14 (Bi Noe) acupoint on the same meridian, the LI14 acupoint being located in the distal portion of the deltoid muscle and being fairly close to the universally agreed upon site on the upper arm for safe administration of an injection.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제10권2호통권23호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was conducted to carry out quantitative evaluation and safety of Sweet Bee Venom. Methods : Content analysis was done using HPLC, measurement of LD$^{50}$ was conducted intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injection to the ICR mice. Results : 1. According to HPLC analysis, removal of the enzymes containing phospholipase A2 was successfully rendered on Sweet Bee Venom. And analyzing melittin content, Sweet Bee Venom contained 12% more melittin than Bee Venom. 2. LD$^{50}$ of ICR mice with Sweet Bee Venom was more than 20mg/kg in subcutaneous injection and intravenous injection, between 15mg/kg and 20mg/kg in muscular injection. 3. LD$^{50}$ of ICR mice with Bee Venom was between 6 and 9mg/kg in subcutaneous injection and intravenous injection, and more than 9mg/kg in muscular injection. Conclusion : Above results indicate that Sweet Bee Venom was more safe than Bee Venom and the process of removing enzymes was well rendered in Sweet Bee Venom.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.341-345
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• 1992

The tuber of Pinellia ternata Breitenbach(Araceae), which is distributed in Korea, China, and Japan, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. The prescription containing Pinellia tuber shows anti-emetic, sedative, and anti-tussive effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pinellia ternata tuber on the xylazine-induced emetic and sedative responses in cats. The results were as follows ; 1. Intramuscular injection of xylazine hydrochloride(1.0mg/kg) reliably evoked vomiting with an incidence of 100% and sedated with a mean sedation time of 34.22 min. 2. The xylazine-induced emetic and sedative responses were not prevented by oral administration of powder (0.5g/head), decoction ($1.0m{\ell}/100g$), and methanol extract ($0.1m{\ell}/100g$) of the Pinellia ternata tuber. 3. The xylazine-induced emetic and sedative responses were inhibited by intravenous injection of decoction($0.3m{\ell}/100g$) of the Pinellia ternata tuber. 4. The xylazine-induced emetic and sedative responses were inhibited by intravenous injection of a combined mixture of yohimbine hydrochloride(0.125mg/kg) and 4-aminopyride(0.3mg/kg).

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.108-118
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• 2000

According to the North Korean documents , North Korean government have emphasized the development of the Koryo medicine (traditional korean medicine) and encouraged the combination of the Koryo and the modern medicine. It is regarded that this attitude arose from the ruler's will toward independency in the medical field and at the same time the lack of modern medical resources . Combinations of the Koryo medicine and the modern medicine in the clinical textbooks are classified as follows: first, mixed medication of the Koryo and the modern medicine. Second, combination of the traditional acupuncture(or moxibustion) and the medication of modern medicines. Third, injection of modern medicines at acupoints. Forth, an intramuscular or an intravenous injection of the Koryo medicine. Fifth, anesthesia using Koryo medicine. Sixth, simple surgery at the acupoints. Lastly, combination of injection and the traditional therapy(eg. acupuncture, moxibustion and cupping) Despite of many achievements in the field of combined medical treatment, recent economic failure and severe famine for several years caused collapse of the health care delivery system in North Korea, and it is hard to find combined practices actually.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.404-409
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 겐타마이신 함유 스폰지인 겐타콜과 콜라템프를 랫드 근육내 이식 후 생체적합성을 비교하는 것이다. SD 랫드 66 마리를 네 그룹으로 나누었다; (1) 대퇴사두근에 무처치한 군 (대조군, 6 마리), (2) 대퇴사두근에 겐타마이신 액을 주사한 군 (겐타마이신 군, 6 마리), (3) 대퇴사두근에 콜라템프를 이식한 군 (콜라템프 군, 27마리), (4) 대퇴사두근에 겐타콜을 이식한 군 (겐타콜 군, 27 마리). 겐타콜과 콜라템프 이식 한근육 내 겐타마이신 농도는 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 감소하였다. 혈액 내에 겐타마이신 농도는 측정되지 않았다. 조직학적으로 겐타마이신액을 주사 후 근육 내에 다형핵백혈구, 림프구, 대식세포를 포함하는 염증세포가 중등도에서 심하게 침윤되었고, 경도에서 중등도의 근육내 부종이 관찰되었다. 그러나, 이러한 국소 자극의 조직학적 변화는 콜라템프와 겐타콜 군에서는 현저히 감소하였다. 이상의 결과, 겐타콜은 콜라템프와 비교하였을 때에 전신적인 영향을 미치지 않으며 국소자극의 정도가 유사하였고, 생체이용성이 유사하여 좋은 생체적합성을 가지는 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.283-291
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• 2014

심한 치과적 공포와 불안으로 치과적 행동조절에 문제를 일으키는 환자의 경우, 진정법과 같은 약물적 행동 조절 방법이 요구될 수 있다. 이번 연구에서는 소아 환자에서 세보플루란 흡입진정시에 추가적으로 0.1 mg/kg의 미다졸람을 근육주사하였을 때 진정 깊이와 심폐기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 2013년 1월부터 2014년 3월 사이 본원에서 세보플루란 흡입진정 하에 치과치료를 받은 환자의 마취기록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 3~6세의 환자를 대상으로 하였으며, 세보플루란 단독 사용군이 18명, 미다졸람 병용 투여군이 18명이었다. 미다졸람 병용 투여군의 평균 엔트로피 값은 세보플루란 단독 사용군에 비해 10정도 낮게 측정되었으나 통계적 유의성은 없었으며(p > 0.05), 분당 심박수와 평균동맥압은 미다졸람 병용 투여군이 세보플루란 단독 사용군에 비해 높은 값을 보였다(p < 0.05). 즉, 0.1 mg/kg의 미다졸람 근육주사는 세보플루란 흡입진정시 진정의 질을 높이는데 큰 도움이 되지는 않았으며, 추후 세보플루란 흡입진정과 병용 사용하기에 적절한 미다졸람의 용량을 결정하기 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2015

아목시실린(AMOX)의 수온에 따른 약동학적 특성과 잔류량을 알아보기 위해 넙치(평균 100 g)를 $(17{\pm}2)^{\circ}C$ 및 $(22{\pm}2)^{\circ}C$에 수용하여 1회 근육투여한 후 시간에 따른 혈장, 간, 신장의 잔류농도를 HPLC-UVD로 분석하였다. 이 측정결과를 바탕으로 2-compartmental model로 PKSolver program을 이용하여 AMOX의 반감기, AUC 등의 pharmacokinetic parameter를 조사하였다. 혈장, 간, 신장의 최고농도 및 도달시간의 범위가 각각 $27.23-257.36{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ (0.05-0.91 h), $5.49-41.65{\mu}g/g$ (1.36-3.28 h), $16.75-129.31{\mu}g/g$ (1.95-4.49 h)으로 나타났다. 수온에 따른 잔류기간을 시험하기 위해 어체중 kg 당 40 및 400 mg을 투여한 후 LC-MS/MS로 분석하였다. 40 mg/kg은 5일 후, 400 mg/kg은 7일 후에 각각 최대잔류허용량인 0.05 mg/kg 이하로 검출되었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.53-73
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• 2002

It has been reported that degranulation of mast cells in rats, rabbits and dog was observed after dosing xylazine hydrochloride(Xh) which has been widely used as sedative, analgesic and muscular relaxant. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to examine the relations between Xh and histamine release and to identify the action of ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptors which exists on the suface of mast cells. 1. The content of histamine within serum was measured with HPLC by performing the O-phthalaldehyde(OPA) fluorescent derivation. The pretreatment method had a little modification from the conventional method. The pretreament was carried out in the following method. 0.2$m\ell$ of serum and 1$m\ell$ of butanol were added to mixed together and then the liquid was centrifugally separated at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 2,000 rpm for 3 minutes. 0.4$m\ell$ of 0.1N HCl and 1.6$m\ell$ of heptane were added to 0.8$m\ell$ of supernatant taken from the liquid, and they were mixed together. This mixture was also centrifugally separated at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 2,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant was thrown away and the OPA fluorescent derivation was carried out with 0.2$m\ell$ of the lower liquid then, 5 minutes after mixing 400${\mu}\ell$ of 0.1N HCl, 120${\mu}\ell$ of 1N NaOH and 40${\mu}\ell$ of 0.1% OPA in the 0.2$m\ell$ of the lower liquid,120${\mu}\ell$ of 3.57N H$_3$PO$_4$ was added to the mixed liquid, and the liquid, was mixed again and syringe-filtered. Then, the measurement was done with HPLC in the 30 : 70(ν/ν) ratio of 0.004M KH$_2$PO$_4$: CH$_3$CN, flow rate of 1.0$m\ell$/min., and a wavelength of λex= 350nm and λem=444nm at the column temperature of 27$^{\circ}C$, using the fluorescence detector. 2. The content of histamine in each laboratory animal appeared to be higher in such an order as rabbit, rat, guinea pig, dog, Korean indigenous goat, swine, Korean indigenous cattle, Holstein, and mouse, of which the individual mean values${\pm}$standard deviation were 2.0668 ${\pm}$ 0.6049. 0.4999 ${\pm}$ 0.2278, 0.4241 ${\pm}$ 0.1974, 0.1054 ${\pm}$ 0.0556, 0.1028 ${\pm}$ 0.0276, 0.0972 ${\pm}$ 0.0513, 0.0872 ${\pm}$ 0.0373, 0.0717 ${\pm}$ 0.0379, and 0.0706 ${\pm}$ 0.0366, respectively. 3. The content of histamine was measured at the moments of 15-, 30-, 60-, 120-minutes after inoamuscular injection of 20mg/100kg Xh into two to 4 years old Holstein weighing 600∼700kg. The result showed that there was a significant increase at the times of 30- and 90-minutes after injection(p<0.05). 4. Intramuscular injection of 3mg/10kg Xh was given to crossbred pug dogs weighing 2.5∼4.3kg. The content of histamine was measured at the times of 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-minutes after injection. The result revealed that there was a significant increase at the times of 60-and 90-minutes after injection(p<0.05). 5. Intramuscular injection of 10mg/$m\ell$∼25mg/$m\ell$ Xh in concentration of 0.1$m\ell$ was applied to Korean indigenous goat over 5 months old. Then, the content of histamine was measured at the times of 15-, 30-, 60- and 90-minutes after injection. A significant increase was shown at the times of 30- and 60-minutes after injection(p<0.05). 6. The content of histamine was measured at the moments of 30- and 60-minutes after intramuscular injection of 0.1-0.2$m\ell$ Xh (20mg/$m\ell$) into male rabbits weighting 2.5-4kg. A significant increase was found at the moment of 60 minutes after injection(p<0.001). 7. After administering Xh to the mast cell taken from the abdominal cavity of mouse, the content of histamine was measured. The result showed that the higher the concentration, the more significantly the content of histamine was increased(p<0.05). 8. Compound 48/80 was administered in concentration of 5$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ and 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ to the mast cell picked from the abdominal cavity of mouse. The result showed that there was a significant increase in the content of histamine in case of the concentration of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$(p<0.05). It was found to be about 10,000 to 500,000 times stronger than the Xh. 9. After premedication of 1mg/kg of yohimbine hydrochloride as ${\alpha}$$_2$-adrenergic antagonist to rabbits, the Xh was administered to them. The result was that the value of histamine within serum was decreased significantly(p<0.001). 10. After premeditation of 1mg/kg of prazosin hydrochloride as ${\alpha}$$_1$-adrenergic antagonist to rabbits, the Xh was administered to them. It was found that the value of histamine within serum was decreased significantly(p<0.005). 11, Prazosin hydrochloride and yohimbine hydrochloride as ${\alpha}$$_1$-adrenergic antagonist, respectively, and ${\alpha}$$_2$-adrenergic antagonist were administerd. In this case, the value of histamine within serum was decreased significantly(p<0.0001). As the results, when the Xh is administered to various kinds of animals, the amount of histamine release within serum is increased. In view of the results so far achieved, it is concluded that Xh acted on both a$_1$-adrenoreceptor and ${\alpha}$$_2$-adrenoreceptor induces the degranulation of mast cell.