• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.548-553
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• 1999

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of high dietary copper supplementation on the gastrointestinal tract morphology of broiler chickens. Eighty 3-week-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into eight groups of four dietary treatments and over three week were fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets that contained 0, 100, 250, or 500 mg/kg of supplemental copper from cupric sulfate. The copper supplementation in the broiler diet up to 250 mg/kg did not significantly influence broilers' performance. A high dietary copper supplementation of 500 mg/kg did significantly depress growth and feed conversion in the broilers (p<0.05). Copper supplementation more than 250 mg/kg in the broiler diet significantly influenced the morphology of the GI tract, as shown by severe oral lesions and gizzard erosion. It also significantly depressed the villi height and significantly thickened the muscular layer in the duodenum (p<0.05). The severely damaged villi were observed by scanning electronic microscope from the duodenum samples of broilers fed a 500 mg/kg copper supplemented diet. The 500 mg/kg copper supplemented diet also significantly influenced the plasma constituents. Plasma glucose concentration was significantly depressed (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1985

The morphological development of the small intestinal tissues of the Korean native goat were observed by light microscopy. Samples were taken from a 60-, 90-, 120-day-old fetus, a newborn goat and a 30-day-old goat. The results were summarized as follows; 1. In the small intestine of 60-day-old fetus, the apexes and sides of villi were covered with a simple columnar epithelium, and intervilous areas and mucosal ridges were still covered with stratified epithelium of two to six cell layers. Mesenchymal tissues formed lamina propria, circular muscle layer and serosa. The numbers of villi per cross section of the small intestine (NVPCS) were 10 to 18. 2. In 90-day-old fetus, intervillous areas and mucosal ridges of the organ were covered with simple columnar epithelium. Goblet cells in epithelium and outer longitudinal muscle layer often appeared. NVPCS were 35 to 60 and Brunner's glands were appeared. 3. In 120-day-old fetus, Brunner's glands of the duodenum and circular connection of outer longitudinal muscle layer were formed, NVPCS were 50 to 87. 4. In newborn goat, Peyer's patches were fully formed and NVPCS were 50 to 87. 5. In 30-day goat, the small intestine was fully matured and NVPCS were 81 to 102.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 1999

The morphologic changes of small intestinal epithelium in pigs diagnosed as porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED} by virus isolation and immunohistochemistry were studied through light microscope and transmissible electron microscope. On semi-thin section, the histologic findings showed severe villous atrophy and fusion with hyperplasia of cuboidal epithelium in the villi, inflammatory cell infiltration in lamina propria, and increased mitotic figures in the crypt. The structural changes were mostly restricted to the cytoplasm of affected absorptive epithelium of villi. 3 types of epithelial changes were found; degenerated virus-affected cells, undifferentiated cuboidal cells, and normal columnar cells. On electron microscopy, round to spherical viral particles of 50∼l00nm in diameter were found within the dilated vesicles and endoplasmic reticulums of degenerated cells, which had decreased their cytoplasmic electron density due to dilated and missing organelles(e.g. mitochondria, ERs, etc.). Microvilli were shortened and sparse, leaving denuded terminal web of the villous epithelial cells. Fat globules were often found within slightly degenerated enterocytes. On the tip of villi, severely damaged cells were exfoliated and replaced by undifferentiated cuboidal cells We found distinct ultrastructural changes in the jejunal epithelium confirming PED virus infection is involved in malabsorptive diarrhea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.94-96
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• 2000

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of enzyme(Endopower) into corn-soybean meal diet on the performance of broiler chicks. Three hundred sixty 3 day-old male broiler chicks(Ross) were divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates of 30 birds per replicate and assigned at random to each of four treatment groups for two energy levels(3100 and 2980 kcal TMEn/kg) with 0 or 0.1% Endopower in the diet. The body weight gain of birds fed the low energy diet with 0% Endopower was lower significantly than the other groups(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in feed intake and feed conversion rate among the treatments. The relative sizes(% B. wt) of the liver and leg muscle were not different significantly among the treatments. The breast muscle weights of the low energy diet birds were higher than those of the high ones, and those of the lower energy group with 0.1% Endopower were highest. The intesinal lengths(cm/B.wt) of low energy diet group without Endopower were lower than those of the others. No significant differences in the relative jejunum and ileum weights were found, but % duodenum weights of high energy group were higher than those of the low energy group. The villi of the ileum of birds fed corn-soybean diet without Endopower were shortened and thickened compared to those of the birds fed with Endopower diet regardless of energy level. The results demonstrated that dietary Endopower improved body weight gain reduced abdominal fats and developed intestinal villi. Therefore it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of Endopower improves nutritive value of corn-soybean diet in broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.425-434
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• 1999

The morphological studies on the cecal development in the 60-, 90-, and 120-day-old fetuses and the newborns of Korean native goats were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results were summarized as follows ; Scanning electron microscopic studies : 1. In the 60-day-old fetuses, fold-like shapes protrusion on the cecal mucosa surface appeared. In the 90-day-old fetuses, the cecal villi appeared to be columnar shapes. In the 120-day-old fetuses, the cecal villi showed various tongue-like or columnar shapes. In the newborns, only the rudimental trace of the villi and the intestinal glands were observed. Transmission electron microscopic studies : 2. In the 60-day-old fetuses, the cecal epithelia were simple columnar in some areas and stratified columnar in others, and the epithelial cells contained nuclei, nucleoli, ER, mitochondria, Golgi complexes, zonula occludens, desmosomes, digitiform intercellular junctions, and large masses of the glycogen granules. 3. In the 90-day-old fetuses, the cecal epithelia were simple columnar in some area and stratified columnar in other. The microvilli of the cecal epithelia became much larger and longer than those in the 60-day-old fetuses, and intercellular junctions were developed, and increased numbers of ER, mitochondria, Golgi complexes were observed and the goblet cells contained a lot of the secretory granules. 4. In the 120-day-old fetuses, the cecal epithelia were only simple columnar in all areas. Microvilli and cytoplasmic organelles were well developed and the irregular annular nuclei were observed. 5. In the newborns, the cecal epithelia were covered with extensive microvilli, and the goblet cells with secretory granules were protruded into the lumen. And some goblet cells secreted the secretory granules into the lumen.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.537-547
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• 1994

Ninety seven cases of histopathologically diagnosed spontaneous canine parvovirus enteritis(CPE) were studied gross pathologically, histopathologically, immunohistochemically, to investigate histopathological types of small intestinal lesions, and antigen distributions in each pattern related to the infected age. And also, reliability of histopathological method in diagnosis of CPE was inspected with immunohistochemistry. The results were as follows : 1. Age-related occurring ratio in histopathologically diagnosed CPE was 53.6% in 4-8 weeks, 26.8% in 9-15 weeks, 8.25 in 16-19 weeks and 11.3% in 20-45 weeks of the clog age. 2. In histopathologic classification based on patterns of villi/crypts lesions of small intestine(jejunum), the ratio of A type (initial phase of necrosis of crypt epithelia, desquamated epithelial cells in the dilated lumen of the crypt) was 20.6%; the ratio of B type(middle phase of atrophy and fission of the villi, collapse of the mucosa, loss of normal crypt structure) was 62.9%, and C type(regenerative phase of the crypt architecture) was 16.5%. 3. The ratio of A, B, C type in 4-8 weeks old, respectively, was 23.5%, 61.5%, 15.4%; in 9-15 weeks old was 19.2%, 65.4%, 15.3% in 16-19 weeks old was 25.0%, 75.0%, 0.0%; and in 20-45 weeks old was 9.0%, 54.5%, 36.4%. 4. The antigen distribution in the nuclei of the crypt epithelial cells was higher than of the cytoplasm and numerous desquamated epithelial cells in dialated crypts in A type; The antigen cytoplasm and numerous desquamated epithelial cells in dialated crypts in A type; The antigen distribution in the nuclei of the collapsed crypt epithelial cells was not higher than that of the cytoplasm, crypts were lined by and filled with released viral antigens from the destructed epithelial cells in B type; and its distribution was also higher than in the epithelial cells adjacent to the tips of the villi, but it was not reacted in the regenerative crypt epithelial cells in C type. 5. Immunohistochemically detected antigen ratio in the small intestine of histopathologically diagnosed CPE was 94.6%, and this result indicates that histopathological diagnosis is very reliable method in diagnosis of CPE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.236-245
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• 2017

Objective: The study was to investigate the effects of alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) and glutamine (Gln) supplementation on the intestinal mucosa barrier in piglets. Methods: A total of 180 barrows with initial weight $10.01{\pm}0.03kg$ were randomly allocated to three treatments, and each treatment consisted of three pens and twenty pigs per pen. The piglets of three groups were fed with control diet [0.62% alanine (Ala)], Ala-Gln diet (0.5% Ala-Gln), Gln diet (0.34% Gln and 0.21% Ala), respectively. Results: The results showed that in comparison with control diet, dietary Ala-Gln supplementation increased the height of villi in duodenum and jejunum (p<0.05), Gln supplementation increased the villi height of jejunum (p<0.05), Ala-Gln supplementation up-regulated the mRNA expressions of epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in jejunal mucosa (p<0.05), raised the mRNA expressions of Claudin-1, Occludin, zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) and the protein levels of Occludin, ZO-1 in jejunal mucosa (p<0.05), Ala-Gln supplementation enlarged the number of goblet cells in duodenal and ileal epithelium (p<0.05), Gln increased the number of goblet cells in duodenal epithelium (p<0.05) and Ala-Gln supplementation improved the concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G in the jejunal mucosa (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results demonstrated that dietary Ala-Gln supplementation could maintain the integrity of small intestine and promote the functions of intestinal mucosa barriers in piglets.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.285-292
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• 2019

This study was done to evaluate the effects of a mixture of essential oils and organic acid supplementation on growth performance, blood profiles, leg bone length and intestinal morphology in Ross broilers. A total of 40 Ross 308 broilers ($1140{\pm}80g$) were randomly allocated to 2 groups, a basal diet (CON) and a basal diet + 0.05% $Avi-protect^{(R)}$ (AVI, Mixture of 25% citric, 16.7 sorbic, 1.7% thymol, and 1.0% vanillin), with 20 replicates for every group and 1 chicken per replicate per cage. The broilers were raised in a temperature-controlled room maintained at $24{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $50{\pm}5%$ humidity. The body weight (p < 0.05) and weight gain (p < 0.05) of the broilers were increased in the AVI group compared with the CON group. The triglyceride (p < 0.05) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) (p < 0.05) contents were significantly decreased in the AVI group compared with the CON group. There was no significant difference in the leg bone length between the AVI and CON groups (p > 0.05). The villi height (p < 0.05) and goblet cell count (p < 0.05) were significantly increased in the AVI group compared with the CON group. In conclusion, $Avi-protect^{(R)}$ as a feed additive improved the growth performance and lipid metabolism and promoted the development of the intestinal morphology of broilers.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.149-158
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• 1995

The purpose of the present study was to understand the pathogenesis of infections in piglets inoculated with C parvum isolated from mice alone and combined with porcine rotavirus (S-80). Thirteen 10-day piglets were divided in four groups; Three, A group, were only given by C parvum. Four, B group, were orally administrated with firstly porcine rotavirus and then C patvum. Three, C group, were orally inoculated with porcine rotavirus alone. The rest, D group, were used as controls. During the experiment, there were daily recorded clinical signs including diarrhea to each pig. According to the periodic intervals for necropsy, all pigs were sacrificed from 4 to 12 days after the final inoculation of C parvum. Location and distribution of two pathogens, C parvum and rotavirus, in the intestinal mucosa of piglets tested were examined by pathological and immunohistological means. In addition, parasitological test using the feces of piglets was applied for the detection of cryptosporidial oocysts as well. A group showed diarrhea from 4 to 6 days post-inoculation(PI) and also discharged C parvum oocysts in feces during the day 4 to 7 PI. In tissue sections of jejunum and ileum, cryptosporidial oocysts were observed a few on the top of villi with slightly fusion. B group represented sign of diarrhea and discharge of oocysts from 2 to 11 days PI. There were some cryptosporidial oocysts both in the jejunal lumen and in the lumen of mucosal glands. As progressed, oocysts were most commonly distributed on the tip of villi of jejunum. Histopathologically there were also mild to moderately fused, attenuated focal desquamated, congested villi and mononuclear cell infiltration of varying degrees in the lamina propria of small intestine and colon at the day 4 and 7 PI. C group showed slightly to mildly attenuated and fused top of villi and mildly mucosal congestion. D group as controls was grossly and histopathologically normal in all parts of intestine. The present results indicate that the piglets inoculated with C parvum only are certainly milder in pathogenesis including duration of clinical course and severity of lesion than those in piglets concurrently infected with porcine rotavirus and C parvum. Also the strain (VRI-CN91) of C parvum used in the study has very low pathogenicity to occur enteritis of piglets.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.17-20
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• 2019

A stray female cat of unknown age, presenting bright red watery diarrhea, was submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency for diagnosis. In the small intestines extracted from the necropsied cat, numerous white oval-shaped organisms were firmly embedded in the mucosa and there was thickening of intestinal wall. Histopathological analysis revealed severe necrotizing enteritis, together with atrophied intestinal villi, exfoliated enterocytes, and parasitic worms. Recovered worms were identified as Pharyngostomum cordatum by morphological observation and genetic analysis. Although P. cordatum is known to occur widely in Korea, this is the first clinical description of an infection by P. cordatum causing severe feline enteritis.