• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.449-463
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• 2017

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between emotional labor and occupational stress of the dental hygienists, and the effects of emotional labor on their occupational stress and health problems including depression, anxiety and sleep. Methods: The survey was conducted using the questionnaires about dental hygienists' working in medical institutions in Busan, Gyeongsangnam-do from August 19th and October 7th, 2016. Total of 225 participants were selected for data analyses. Frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis, and regression analysis were conducted using SPSS Windows ver. 21.0 program(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL. USA). Results: The analysis of the factors affecting emotional labor, occupational stress, anxiety, and sleep by participants' characteristics showed that those with higher education level, work position and annual salary had higher emotional labor. In addition, participants who worked 5 days every other week and were responsible for patient consultation had higher emotional labor. The analysis of correlations among emotional labor occupational stress, anxiety, and sleep showed positive correlations between emotional experience and emotional expression, occupational stress and emotional expression, and anxiety and emotional expression. On the other hand, negative correlation was found between anxiety and emotional experience. Regression analysis was conducted to examine the effect of emotional labor on job stress. Emotional labor was a factor affecting job stress and anxiety. Conclusions: In order to improve emotional control and vulnerability to stress among dental hygienists, intra-organizational training opportunities and mental health care strategies are needed. Additional broad-based studies are required to identify the factors affecting the occupational stress and emotional labor and to develop relevant intervention measures.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2011

To describe the background, mechanism, clinical results and complications of prolotheapy based on the literature review. Prolotherapy is a minimally invasive injection-based treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain, including ligament and joint laxity. The mechanism of this injection-based technique is to initiate a local inflammatory response with resultant tissue healing. The used proliferants are classified by bio-mechanism to act in three different ways as osmotic, irritants, and chemotatics. The most commonly used proliferant is hyperosmolar (10~25%) dextrose to act by osmotic rupture of cells. High resolution ultrasound imaging of musculoskeletal structure provide a more accurate diagnosis. Also ultrasound-guided intervention provides a more high efficacy and low rate of complications. The most common complication is local pain at the injected site, that is self-limited and good responsive to anti-inflammatory agents. Other complications are rare. It is reported that prolotherapy appears safe when performed by an experienced clinician. Prolotherapy has grown in popularity and has received significant recent attention. However there are limited evidence-based data supporting the indication and efficacy of prolotherapy in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain or soft tissue injuries. Future studies are necessary to determine whether prolotherapy can play an independent and definitive role in a treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 2018

Tenofovir nanoparticles are novel therapeutic intervention in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reaching the virus in their sanctuary sites. However, there has been no systemic toxicity testing of this formulation despite global concerns on the safety of nano drugs. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the toxicity of Tenofovir nanoparticle (NTDF) on the liver and kidney using an animal model. Fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats maintained at the animal house of the biomedical resources unit of the University of KwaZulu-Natal were weighed and divided into three groups. Control animals (A) were administered with normal saline (NS). The therapeutic doses of Tenofovir (TDF) and nanoparticles of Tenofovir (NTDF) were administered to group B and C and observed for signs of stress for four weeks after which animals were weighed and sacrificed. Liver and kidney were removed and fixed in formal saline, processed and stained using H/E, PAS and MT stains for light microscopy. Serum was obtained for renal function test (RFT) and liver function test (LFT). Cellular measurements and capturing were done using ImageJ and Leica software 2.0. Data were analysed using graph pad 6, p values < 0.05 were significant. We observed no signs of behavioural toxicity and no mortality during this study, however, in the kidneys, we reported mild morphological perturbations widening of Bowman's space, and vacuolations in glomerulus and tubules of TDF and NTDF animals. Also, there was a significant elevation of glycogen deposition in NTDF and TDF animals when compared with control. In the liver, there were mild histological changes with widening of sinusoidal spaces, vacuolations in hepatocytes and elevation of glycogen deposition in TDF and NTDF administered animals. In addition to this, there were no significant differences in stereological measurements and cell count, LFT, RFT, weight changes and organo-somatic index between treatment groups and control. In conclusion, NTDF and TDF in therapeutic doses can lead to mild hepatic and renal histological damage. Further studies are needed to understand the precise genetic mechanism.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.250-256
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• 2000

The incidence of tuberculosis has been decreased, and especially the incidence of severe complicated tuberculosis has been markedly decreased as the result of widely used BCG vaccines. But tuberculosis is still an important community accquired infectiouse disease in the world despite continued worldwide efforts to control the disease. Miliary tuberculosis, the most serious complicated tuberculosis, can be occurred by lymphohematogenous dissemination of tuberculosis, and intracranial tuberculoma with or without tuberculosis meningitis can be developed in case of miliary tuberculosis. In general, serious tuberculosis infections such as miliary tuberculosis and CNS tuberculosis are developed especially in young infants and children in cases of delayed diagnosis and treatment despite receiving BCG vaccination, and usually those patients have contact sources. Intrcranial tuberculoma in children are usually found near infratentorial site at the base of cerebellum, and clinically symptoms and signs of increased intracranial pressure developed before treatment. Serial brain CT or MRI is a good non-invasive diagnostic modality of intracranial tuberculoma. Although surgical intervention was initially advocated as the mainstay of intracranial tuberculoma therapy, but many recent clinical studies indicate that intracranial tuberculoma can be cured with medical treatment alone. We experienced a case of 3 months old male patient, who was diagnosed as having miliary tuberculosis associated with multiple intracranial tuberculoma. He received BCG vaccination at 4 weeks after birth, and his father was confirmed as active pulmonary tuberculosis patient after this patient's admission. We report this case with a review of related literatures.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2003

Objective : This study was conducted in order to investigate professional job perception, job stress and job satisfaction in doctors. Method : The authors conducted a survey using a self-administered questionnaire, conducted between August and September,2001. The study subjects were 457 doctors practicing at local clinics in Daegu City. Results : For the professionalism scale, the score for 'sense of calling to field' and 'feeling of autonomy' were relatively high, Age, working hours per day, and perception of socioeconomic status significantly influenced the professionalism scale scores (p<0.01). For the job stress scale, the scores for 'clinical responsibility/decision' factor were the highest of all the surveyed factors. Working hours per day significantly influenced the job stress scores (p<0.01). To investigate the overall relationship between the variables, the authors conducted a linear structural equation model analysis. The equation was statistically appropriate and a good fit. The job stress, and the professionalism factors, respectively influenced job satisfaction negatively and positively (T>2.0). The working hours per day and status perception also influenced their job satisfaction (T>2.0). Conclusion : To promote the iob satisfaction of doctors, the development of coping tools and other intervention methods are needed to increase doctor's professional job perception and reduce their job stress. Further studies are required to understand the characteristics of job satisfaction and for its promotion with doctors.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2003

Objectives : To compare the quality improvement of the abstracts of original articles, according to the revised manuscript format, of the Korean Journal of Preventive Medicine (Korean J Pre Med) was adopted in 1999. Methods : A total 63 abstracts for 1997, and 49 for 2001, were selected as the original articles from the Kor J Pre Med. This study was carried out by the separate-sample pretest-posttest design. The quality of the abstracts was measured by a checklist of Narine' evaluation criteria, and the other information related to the articles were also surveyed by e-mail and fax or telephone using a self-made Questionnaire, From the response rate, a total of 62 abstracts for 1997 and 49 for 2901 were finally analyzed. Results : The mean number of words in an abstract decreased from 285 in 1997, to 250 by 2001. The mean number of key words per abstract decreased from 3.9 in 1997, to 3.6 by 2001. The mean number of inappropriate usage of key words per abstract, by the MeSH standard, decreased from 1.9 in 1997, to 0.4 by 2001 Also, the overall mean score of abstract quality increased from 0.54 in 1997 to 0.61 by 2001. The range of scores for the abstract quality was better in 2001 ($0.40{\sim}0.77$) than in 1997 ($0.20{\sim}0.81$). From the multiple regression analyses of the 1997 and 2001 databases, the intervention of the manuscript format's revision, and the number of English words to the quality score of the .abstract, were the only statistically significant factors, Conclusions : In conclusion, the quality of abstracts in the Kor J Pre Med has improved since the revised manuscript format was adopted in 1999. The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine will continuously recommend proposals for more informative abstracts in their journal, and will evaluate the abstracts' content with quality criteria. Future studies should address these issues, and compare the quality of abstracts between different international and domestic journals.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.383-406
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• 2015

Objectives: People with tension-type headache generally take pain relievers, but long term dependency causes problems as well as side effects. The present study aimed to provide clinical evidence of herbal medicine for tension-type headache by systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the effect of herbal medicine for tension-type headache. Methods: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials that verified effects of herbal medicine intervention on patients with tension-type headache were included in the study. A literature search of English, Japanese, Chinese, Korean databases was performed. The selected literature were assessed by Jadad scale and Risk of Bias. Results: Herein, 40 reports were selected from a total of 157. Meta-analyses of 2 trials indicated that the effective rate was significantly higher in the herbal medicine treatment group, as compared to the placebo control (risk ratio: 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23 to 1.80, p<0.0001, I²=0%). Four trials that compared herbal medicine with routine care with routine care only group showed a significantly higher effective rate of benefits for herbal medicine with routine care, as compared to routine care only (RR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.18 to 2.10, p=0.002, I²=0%). Conclusions: The effective rate was significantly higher than control and adverse events were less in the treatment group. Pattern analysis (辨證) indicated that the studies on wind-fire pattern (風火證) were highest. Yougeun-bang (柔筋方) in prescription and Paeoniae Radix Alba (白芍藥) in medicinal herbs were most used. This finding could be widely utilized in future clinical practice and form the basis for the development of clinical practice guidelines in advance.

• School Mathematics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.65-88
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• 2011

Epistemological development process of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is considered in a history of mathematical notions and the genetic process of the Fundamental Theorem is arranged by the order of geometric, algebraic and formalization steps. Based on this, we studied students' episte- mological obstacles and error and analyzed the content of textbooks related the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Then, We developed the "Folding Back Model" of the fundamental theorem of calculus for students to lead meaningful faithfully. The Folding Back Model consists of "the Framework of thou- ght"(figure V-1) and "the Model of genetic understanding of concept"(figure V-2). The framework of thought in the Folding Back Model is included steps of pedagogical intervention which is used "the Monitoring working questions"(table V-3) by the mathematics teacher. The Folding Back Model is applied the Pirie-Kieren Theory(1991), history of mathematical notions and students' epistemological obstacles to practical use of instructional design. The Folding Back Model will contribute the professional development of mathematics teachers and improvement of thinking skills of students when they learn the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.5476-5484
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to verify the clinical usefulness of the virtual reality rehabilitation system which Academic-Industrial cooperation develop through clinical experiment for recovering the functional abilities in stroke. For this purpose, 24 Stroke(hemorrhage13, infarction11)participated in a clinical experiment. They were randomly assigned to the virtual reality rehabilitation system group(n=13) and conventional rehabilitation training(Activities of daily living, cognition training, motor control) group(n=11). All participant were evaluated with three standardized assessment tools(Functional Independent Measure; FIM, Mini-Mental State Examination for Korean; MMSE-K, Self-esteem scale) before and after the planned intervention sessions. All participant were intensively carried out for 8weeks, 3times a week. The results were as follows. The experimental group showed significant improvements for Activities of daily living, basic cognitive abilities and self-esteem related with life satisfaction after the interventions(p<.05). There were no significant differences between two groups for all assessment tool after interventions. Because of this experimental results, the virtual reality rehabilitation system showed the clinical utility for recovering the function in stroke. Further studies are needed to verify the clinical usefulness on the improvement of various functions in brain injury and dementia.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.2684-2690
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• 2015

This study aims to identify the mediating effect of school satisfaction in the effect of self-esteem on resilience, and to examine the relationship between brain function quotient and resilience. In this descriptive study, questionnaires and brainwaves were collected from 145 female high school students in Seoul from November 22 to December 23, 2012. Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and three-step mediated regression analysis using SPSS 21.0. Among brain function quotients, stress resistance quotient were highly correlated with resilience, and both attention and brain quotient were significantly correlated with resilience. Moreover, school satisfaction showed the mediating effect in the effect of self-esteem on resilience. The findings suggest that brain function quotient, in specific, stress resistance quotient, should be considered in studies regarding resilience. Furthermore, predictor variables of resilience such as self-esteem and school satisfaction should be considered for preventive and therapeutic intervention to reduce various maladaptive problems in adolescents.