• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.35-63
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• 2019

Since imposing Performance Requirements (PRs) on investors have been conducted as a means to protect a host state's domestic industry in the short run, with its effect on improving the international balance of payments, it has been implemented mostly in developing countries. From the viewpoint of investors, however, PRs hinder free competition and investment activities and have the effect of distorting international trade activities; therefore, they are expected to bring detrimental effects on the host state's economic development in the long run. PRs provided by International Investment Agreements (IIAs) and WTO-TRIMs, too, included many abstract regulations which are grounded on the host state's economic efficiency in the past; however, those PRs are gradually being more concretely specified, shifting to a form of prohibition with the goals of increasing the protection on investors and realizing investment liberalization. Accordingly, when Korea freshly concludes IIAs or revises them afterwards, one should focus more on following the points regarding PRs. First, to protect Korean companies' investment activities, it is advantageous to list the contents of prohibited PRs extensively and concretely and create a stipulation. Second, it is necessary to list the contents of the PRs prohibited and add the phrases for prohibiting "any other similar requirements" explicitly, as well so as to cover the PRs that can appear newly. Third, as in the cases associated with PRs, issuable matters are mostly either the range of applying PRs or the conditions of applying them (relevance or detrimental effects); therefore, it is necessary to classify the cases accumulated by issues and analyze them thoroughly. In conclusion, as this study has analyzed the theoretical characteristics of PRs provided in IIAs and related cases and suggests exquisite theory regarding PRs, it not only lays fundamental grounds for follow-up research but also gives useful and practical guidelines for the parties concerned and the arbitrators according to the ISDS procedure.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.13-30
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• 2017

Referred to as a 'media war,' there is a fierce competition for media discourse between different countries. Twenty four hour global news channels like Al Jazeera, France 24, RT, NHK World, China's CCTV and teleSUR emerged to offer their own perspectives and stance in the global society, and to face the monopolization and distorted information created by the hegemony of English news channels which have swayed international public opinions for a long time. As a tool of public diplomacy, the media's role in determining the image of the nation and winning the 'Hearts and Minds' of the international community is decisive, but it cannot be said that they all have a similar influence or play a positive role in media diplomacy. A global news channel, which is both a media diplomatic subject and a journalism organization, can be in the position of acting as a public relations organization or a propaganda agency for the government depending on the regime's attitude because most of global news channels receive support from the government. Sometimes it is difficult for these media to implement quality journalism because of financial difficulties. Media discourse also has limitations in that it is dependent upon changes in foreign policy of its own government. This study examines the current status of global news channels, the dilemma these channels are facing, and suggests some potential directions that can be taken by global news channels in order to become more effective. It is becoming increasingly important for all nations to respond to distorted information about their own countries, to appropriately identify various issues and changes in the international community and to convey their views and positions to the international community. For now, there is a lack of awareness about the importance of media diplomacy in Korea: There are many English-language media, but as yet no global news channel which could have an influence on the international stage. However, there seems to be some understanding about the need for the media to present the Korean alternative discourse to the senseless dependency on Western media. We hope that this study will be an opportunity to think in depth about the attitude of the Korean global media, whether existing global media or new global news channels, in order to help them become more effective in media diplomacy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 2017

In the AEC(Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry, BIM(Building Information Modeling) technology not only helps design intent efficiently, but also realizes an object-oriented design including building's life cycle information. Thus it can manage all data created in each building stage and the roles of BIM are greatly expanded. Contractors and designers have been trying to adopt BIM to design competitions and validate it for the best result in various aspects. Via the computational simulation which differs from the existing process, effective evaluation can be done. For this process, a modeling guideline for each kind of BIM tool and a validation system for the confidential assessment are required. This paper explains a new process about design evaluation methods and process using BIM technologies which follow the new paradigm in construction industry through complement points by an example of a competition activity of the Korea Power Exchange(KPX) headquarter office. In conclusion, this paper provides a basic data input guideline based on open BIM for automatic assessment and interoperability between different BIM systems and suggests a practical usage of the rule-based Model Checker.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.53-59
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• 2024

The novel "The Grapes of Wrath" shows the painful reality of Americans during the Great Depression through the migration journey of the Tom Jod's family, who had no choice but to move from Oklahoma to California and their hardships in California. This presents empathy for their wrath and offers hope for a brotherly solution. This article presents institutional solutions against each novel situation from the perspective of the Constitution, labor law, and competition law. From a constitutional perspective, the poverty of Oklahoma's smallholders is not a result of choice, but is caused by the natural environment and capital concentration, so it is suggested that the government have to intervene to guarantee a minimum standard of living to realize equal rights. From a labor law perspective, worker supply projects are unconstitutional because they constitute intermediate exploitation of labor, and immigrants like the Joad family have the right to form labor unions. From a competition law perspective, it was shown that the large landowners' setting of fruit prices constitutes predatory pricing, and the farmers' attempts to pay similarly low wages constitute collusion. Through this, the attempt was made to recognize that the law is a means to resolve the public wrath that may currently exist, and to show that the story in the novel can bring empathy and understanding to minorities. It is hoped that reading novels can be a way to help interpret the law and sympathize with others as an indicator of a just society.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.361-382
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• 2010

In 2005, the Korean government decided to postpone the introduction of competition up to 2009 in the power plant service industry. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency changes and the determinants of international competitiveness of Korean power plant service industry by the comparison between before and after 2006. The sample used in the estimation of efficiency is six firms III Korean power plant service sector for the period of 2003~2008. According to the results, technical efficiency before 2006 (2003~2005) is 0.865 and that after 2005 (2006~2008) is 0.947, which implies that efficiency has been improved after the delay of introduction of competition. In addition, according to the analyses based on the diamond model of Porter using survey data, demand condition has been ranked first in the determinants of international competitiveness. The second and the third important conditions are government and input factor ones. Firm's strategy/structure/competitiveness condition is the most weak condition. Therefore, it would be necessary for firms to improve this condition for competitiveness.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.431-465
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• 2011

Focusing on open innovation which is regarded as an important framework for strengthening technological innovation capabilities, in this study empirical analysis is conducted on Korean manufacturing companies, particularly based on the survey results of 149 domestic manufacturing companies that carry out innovation activities in order to identify influence factors for open innovation activities. Analysis on the influence factors of open innovation activities categorized into characteristics of environment, firm-specific characteristics, and characteristics of institutions revealed that characteristics of environment in terms of the degree of market competition and technological changes influence outside-in open innovation activities. Such results suggest that companies respond to increased market competition or technological changes by promoting research and development (R&D) and maintaining or acquiring market competitiveness through introduction of external technology and utilization of external information by means of research collaboration, user innovation, and so on. In terms of firm-specific characteristics, outside-in open innovation activities are influence by R&D personnel, R&D investment, number of international business, export, and openness of corporate culture while inside-out open innovation activities are influenced by characteristics of international organization and CEO's capabilities. In order for companies to strengthen outside-in open innovation activities emphasis on research personnel, R&D input factors such as research funds are necessary whereas to increase inside-out open innovation activities organization solely responsible for international affairs should be established while the CEO needs to focus on open and cooperative entrepreneurship rather than internal technological innovation activities. In terms of characteristics of institutions, outside-in innovation activities are influenced by technological networking whereas inside-out innovation activities are influenced by networking for development of technology and the presence in industrial cluster. This means that the government needs to establish industrial clusters and try to expand technological networking to facilitate open innovation activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.785-791
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• 2016

This research suggests feasible means for domestic railway industries to actively enter overseas railway markets by thoroughly analyzed the business trends of the expanding international railway markets and their characteristics. The 983 independent cases of international railway orders introduced in domestic markets during the past five years were analysed. In order to enhance the efficiency and consistency of the series of analysis, one classification system was established, and proportions of each category were assessed after the analysis of each piece of business information in the classification. It can be concluded from the analysis that early entrance into new projects with system design similar to that used in Korea will enrich the chances for domestic industries to enter the expanding international railway market, because Korean business is likely face competition from other companies for low-price contracts if the entering timing to the market is too late.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.117-142
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• 2014

China having largest market in the world, has been criticized by its trading partner countries due to its unfair trade practices, particularly in the field of anti-dumping regulation. The main reasons for such criticism seem to come from the incomplete anti-dumping law as instrument to protect the industry concerned. In 2001, though new anti-dumping law was established to replace the former one by revising it to meet the needs for economic development which should be secured for china to take part in the competition world as the new member of WTO. The provisions concerned have been evaluated not to be sufficient and efficient from the viewpoint of the safeguard mechanism, while are required to be modified to meet the real world of international trade law. I consider that as the biggest partner of chinese trade activity, we will need to maintain a well understanding of the Chinese anti-dumping regulations. So this report conducts the Chinese anti-dumping regulations, compares between the chinese regulations and the WTO agreement, and studies deeply in to the problems and the improvements of the Chinese anti-dumping regulations.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.3-25
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• 2014

The megatrends of the Korean distribution industry market in 2014 reflect opportunities in parallel import & overseas direct purchase. Korean government addressed that "Monopoly & Oligopoly consumer goods import improvement plan" to stabilizing importing goods prices and domestic consumers' burden relief through accelerating market competition. and moreover it is to improving distribution channel and promoting parallel import market business. The Korean market is very unique in that consumers' real sensory index of open up importation effect level is low, but nominal open up importation effect level is high. This is due to difficulties in creating a proper importing goods distribution market and alternative importing routes are very rare. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the market situation and parallel import to improve Korean government's "Monopoly & Oligopoly consumer goods import improvement plan" policy for the revitalization of the domestic market economy and to boost up a new growth engine industry.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.275-304
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• 2014

Due to the rapid progress of globalization, fierce international competition, a declining population, low birth rate and aging population, deficit in a difficult situation at home and abroad, Japan's local governments expand internal and external alliances and partnerships to maximize the economic benefits to the region seeking to enable in the region have efficient allocation of human and material resources through industry support, funding, and administrative efficiency for the purpose of speeding up the formation of a mega regional economies. Union of Kansai Government implements, especially in the wide area of industrial clusters, economic policy need to comprehensive planning and growth strategy such as adjusting the growth strategy attempts to promote the local economy and to enable investment planning and coordination within the current mega regions, These roles are further improving and upgrading their importance of mega regional phase in Japan's regional economic policy.