• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.492-501
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was executed in order to evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture on upper-extremity spasticity control in stroke patients. Methods : Eighteen patients with stroke were enrolled and classified into two groups, the study and control group. The control group did not receive any oriental medical treatment. In the study group, the electroacupuncture points were applied to Kokt'aek (PC3) and $Ch'{\u{o}}ch'{\u{o}}n$ (PC2), Naegwan (PC6) and $Ch'{\u{o}}kt'aek$(LU5) of the affected limb. H-reflexl M-response ratio (HIM ratio), modified Ashworth scale (MAS) and Fugl-Meyer motor function assessment (FMA) were used for evaluation of spasticity control before electroacupuncture, within two hours after electroacupuncture, and at two weeks. Results : In MAS, the study group declined more than the control group. but there was no statisticallysignificant consideration. In H/M ratio. the study group was more efficient than the control group. and spasticity decreased successively during the series in the study group. In FMA, motor function in the study group improved more than in the control group and motor function in the study group increased successively during the series. Conclusions : These results showed that electro acupuncture was a useful method to decrease upper-extremity spasticity in patients with stroke. Further studies are needed to explore more cases and the long-lasting carryover effects on upper-extremity spasticity in electroacupuncture.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.361-373
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• 2007

In previous work, an approach based on maximizing the efficiency of an internal combustion engine while ignoring the power conversion efficiency of other powertrain components, such as the electric motor and power battery or ultracapacitor, was implemented in the steady-state optimization of an internal combustion engine for hybrid electric vehicles. In this paper, a novel control algorithm was developed and successfully justified as the basis for maximal power conversion efficiency of overall powertrain components. Results indicated that fuel economy improvement by 3.9% compared with the conventional control algorithm under China urban transient-state driving-cycle conditions. In addition, using the view of the novel control algorithm, maximal power generation of the electric motor can be chosen.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.213-216
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• 2010

A typical unsteady internal ballistic analysis model was proposed to take account of the erosive burning for a solid rocket motor. The variance of local velocity and pressure along grain surface are analyzed by using the continuity and momentum equation. The model introduced in this study showed good agreements with the results of previous internal ballistics program. It was investigated that the change of combustion pressure, gas velocity and regrestion rate along the grain axis.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.51-59
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of attentional focus and distance of external focus on the performance of balance task of upper extremity. Subjects (N=30) held a stick (2 m) and maintained it horizontally. All of the subjects performed balance task of upper extremity under four different attentional focus conditions: focus on hand (internal focus), marker at 10 cm inside of hand (external focus 1), marker at 10 cm outside of hand (external focus 2), marker at 20 cm outside of hand (external focus 3). The mean velocity of the bar (mm/s) and the muscle activity of biceps brachii (%RVC) were measured. They were decreased when the subjects focused on external focuses compared to internal focus and decreased as distance of attentional focus from body increased (p<.05). There were significant differences between groups (p<.05); internal focus-external focus 1, internal focus-external focus 2, internal focus-external focus 3, external focus 2-external focus 3. These results showed that external focus is more effective than internal focus in enhancing motor performance and focusing on more distant attentional focus results in enhanced motor performance promoting the utilization of more automatic control mechanisms.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.298-304
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• 2016

Objective: : This clinical study reports on the effect of Sunghyangjungki-san-gami and Banhabaeckchulchunma-tang-gami on hemiplegia, dizziness, and hiccupping caused by pontine infarction.Methods: This study was performed on one patient with hemiplegia, dizziness, and hiccupping caused by pontine infarction. The patient was treated by Sunghyangjungki-san-gami and Banhabaeckchulchunma-tang-gami from 6 January to 2 March 2015. The National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), motor grade, and numerical rating scale (NRS) were used to assess the effectiveness of this treatment.Results: After treatment, the patient’s discomfort decreased significantly, and NIHSS, motor grade, and NRS scores were all improved.Conclusion: This clinical study suggests that traditional Korean medicine may be effective in treating hemiplegia, dizziness, and hiccupping caused by pontine infarction.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.74-78
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• 2012

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the cyclic fatigue of a K3 file and internal stress intentionally induced until the activation of the autostop function of the torque-controlled motor. Materials and Methods: K3 (Sybron Endo) .04 and .06 taper, size 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 were used in this study. To give the internal stress, the K3 files were put into the .02 taper Endo-Training-Bloc (Dentsply Maillefer) until the activation of the auto-stop function of the torque-controlled motor. The rotation speed was 300 rpm and torque value was 1.0 $N{\cdot}cm$. K3 were grouped by the number of induced internal stress and randomly distributed to 4 experimental groups (n = 10, Stress 0 [control], Stress 1, Stress 2 and Stress 3). For measuring the cyclic fatigue failure, the K3 files were worked against a sloped glass block and time for file separation was recorded. Data was statistically analyzed Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA and Duncan post-hoc test at p < 0.05 level. Results: Except .04 taper size 30 in Stress 1 group, there were statistically significant differences in time for file separation between control and all experimental groups. K3 with .04 taper showed higher cyclic fatigue resistance than those of .06 taper. Conclusion: In the limitation of this study, the cyclic fatigue of the K3 file was influenced by the accumulated internal stress from use until the auto-stop function was activated by the torque-controlled motor. Therefore, clinicians should avoid the reuse of the K3 file that has undergone auto-stops.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.662-668
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• 2004

Cerebrovascular accident(CVA) is a leading cause of death, and severe sequelae, like motor disturbance, mental disorder, dysphagia, recognition disorder, speech disorder(aphasia) often occur. Most of medical cure about CVA sequelae lay emphasis on motor disturbance, so speech disorder(aphasia) has been neglected. But speech disorder therapy is essential for social rehabiltation. Recently, inside and outside South Korea, various clinical approaches and potential medical cures for speech disorder (aphasia) have been researched. In Korean Medicine, papers pertaining to speech disorders have been but a few. In this study two cases of aphasic stroke patients who were treated for speech and language disorders through Korean medical therapy are reported.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Medicine & Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate questions and instructions for internal feedback effects on functional recovery and task performance while chronic stroke patients practised task-specific training. Method: Twenty-four chronic stroke patients were randomly divided into two groups; when patients performed same tasks, one was treated using questions and the other using instructions for internal feedback Both lasted 30 minutes, 5 times a week for 8 weeks. Outcome measures included Erasmus MC Modifications to the Nottingham Sensory Assessment (EmNSA), Measurement Properties of the Motor Evaluation Scale for Upper Extremity in Stroke patients (MESUPES), Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI), Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI). Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in EmNSA and K-MBI(p>.05). But, in MESUPES and CAHAI, there was significant difference between the two groups(p<.05). Conclusion: In this study, questions for internal feedback during task-specific training are more effective in improving upper extremity motor function and task performance than instructions for internal feedback.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.32-34
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• 2005

Purpose: To investigate the metabolic changes in the motor and motor association cortices following axonal injury in the internal capsule that was caused by deep intracerebral hematoma. Materials and Methods: Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS), the authors studied the primary motor cortices (M-1) and supplementary motor areas (SMA) of 9 hemiparetic patients with documentable hemiparesis of varying severity, and we studied 10 normal volunteers as controls. To measure the M-1 and SMA biochemical changes, 4 separate single volumes of interest (VOIs) were located bilaterally in the affected and unaffected hemisphere (AH and UH). Results: 1H MRS provided a neuronal and axonal viability index by measuring levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatine/phosphocreatine (Cr). The M-1/SMA NAA/Cr ratios of the AH and UH in patients, and the AH and normal volunteers were compared. The NAA/Cr ratios of the M-1 and SMA in AH, and the SMA in UH were significantly lower than those of normal volunteers. Conclusion: These 1H MRS findings indicate that axonal injury in the descending motor pathway at the level of internal capsule could induce metabolic changes in the higher centers of the motor pathway.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2012

This paper proposes PID and RIC (Robust Internal-loop Compensator) based motion controller using dual learning algorithm for position control of linear synchronous motor respectively. Its gains are auto-tuned by using two learning algorithms, reinforcement learning and neural network. The feedback controller gains are tuned by reinforcement learning, and then the feedforward controller gains are tuned by neural network. Experiments prove the validity of dual learning algorithm. The RIC controller has better performance than does the PID-feedforward controller in reducing tracking error and disturbance rejection. Neural network shows its ability to decrease tracking error and to reject disturbance in the stop range of the target position and home.