• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the non-timber forest functions of the Research Forest area of Kangwon National University. In this study, forest recreation function was investigated through survey method answered by forest management experts. The evaluation factors for forest recreation function were separated into external and internal factors. Each factor was classified into intermediate element and detailed element. Therefore in this study, the evaluation factors of forest recreation function were divided into two groups which are the potential of external factors and the suitability of internal factors. Potential of the external factors were divided into accessibility, location, landscape and induction factors while the suitability of internal factor was divided into stand structure, forest structure and human impact. The priority of the potential of external factors was in order that location, accessibility, induction factors and landscape. The most important factors for the location, accessibility, induction and landscape factors are based on regional characteristics.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.131-150
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• 1997

As to the effects of drinking on the cerebrovascular system, the result of studies by Eastern-Western medicine indicate the following conclusions: 1. Oriental medical studies show drinking causes 'Dam-em', 'Dam-tak', and 'Seub-yul' and is, thus related to hypertension and hyperlipidemia. 2. Oriental medical studies also show that hypertension and hyperlipidemia, which includes apoplexy, a dizziness, headaches and 'Gan-yang', are caused by 'Dam-em', 'Dam-tak' and 'Heul-uh'. In most cases of obesity. which is piled 'Seub-dam' in the spleen and stomach, is caused by alcohol consumption. 3. Large amounts of alcohol consumption is a dangerous factor in many kinds of cerebrovascular attacks but under the middle grade of drinking it is not harmful. And it is a predominant theory that a small quantity of alcohol consumption is good for preventing cerebrovascular attacks. 4. Taking a brain computed tomography after alcohol has been introduced into the system reveals strange symptoms like ventricle dilatation, cerebral atrophy, and pathologic histological degeneration. 5. Alcohol is related to hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity which are dangerous factors in cerebrovascular attacks. This is especially true with hypertension and obesity. 6. Western medicine says, because of the close relations between hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and the grade of obesity, drinking increases the chances of cerebrovascular attacks. Our findings show that reducing alcohol intake, an environmental factor, will help prevent cerebrovascular attacks.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.1281-1289
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate water quality in the Keum River using multivariate analysis. The analysis data in Keum river made use of surveyed data by the ministry of environment from January 1994 to December 2001. Thirteen water quality parameter were determined on each sample. The results was summarized as follow; Water quality in the Keum River could be explained up to 71.39% by four factors which were included in loading of organic matter and nutrients by the tributaries (32.88%), seasonal variation (16.09%), loading of pathogenic bacteria by domestic sewage of Gapcheon (13.39%) and internal metabolism in estuary as lakes(9.03%). For spatial variation of factor score, four group was classified by each factor characterization. Station 1 and 2 was influenced by Daechung dam, station 3 was affected by domestic sewage of Gapcheon, station 10~12 was affected by estuary dyke and the rest station. The result of cluster analysis by station was classified into four group that has different water quality characteristics. In monthly cluster analysis, three group was classified according to seasonal characteristic. Also, in yearly cluster analysis, three group was classified. It is necessary to control the pollutant loadings by Gapcheon inflow domestic sewage in Daejeon city for the sake of water quality management of Keum river.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.79-93
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for measuring elementary school students' environmental literacy. The process of instrument development was four phases. The first two phases involved defining the domain of the construct, writing an initial pool of 55 items, and reviewing the items for revision and deletion. These steps were taken to provide the evidence of content-related validity, and to reduce a number of items. The third phase was, through item analysis, to determine the most appropriate items for the environmental literacy for the elementary school students. For the forth phases, the fifth and sixth students in elementary school participated in this survey. To examine the reliability and validity of environmental literacy for the elementary school students, internal consistency estimate, and factor analysis were used. The results of this study were summarized as follows; Firstly, thorough factor analysis, we developed Environmental Literacy Instrument for the elementary school students, consisted of total 41 items (knowledge 8 items, emotion 11 items, skill 10 items, and behavior 13 items); Secondly, Cronbach's alpha was .783 for knowledge, .832 for emotion, .866 for skill and 8.61 for behavior.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1475-1481
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• 2009

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, and well recognized as a potential agent for bioterrorism. B. anthracis can be identified by detecting the virulence factors genes located on two plasmids, pXO1 and pXO2. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of virulence genes in 27 isolates of B. anthracis isolated from clinical and environmental samples. For this purpose, multiplex PCR and DNA probes were designed to detect protective antigen (pag), edema factor (cya), lethal factor (lef), and capsule (cap) genes. Our results indicated that all the isolates contained all the above virulence genes, suggesting that the isolates were virulent. To the best our knowledge, this is the first study about the determination of virulence marker genes in clinical and environmental isolates of B. anthracis using multiplex PCR and DNA probes in India. We suggest that the above methods can be useful in specific identification of virulent B. anthracis in clinical and environmental samples.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.53-59
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• 2017

Purpose - In the airline industry, an airport plays an important role. There are a lot of employees who work at an airport, and most of the workers experience restraints regarding leisure activities. Thus, there is a need for studying the internal marketing in the airport to better serve the worker. Although there is a lack of well-structured research regarding the restrictions and satisfaction factors experienced by the airport employees for their leisure activities, this research studies how the restrictions and satisfaction factors influence each other in relation to the internal marketing in the airport. The purpose of this research is to provide a detailed, real time research method for studying the restrictions and satisfaction factors in relation to the internal marketing that are experienced by the airport employees regarding their leisure activities. Research design, data, and methodology - This survey was conducted for airport employees working in two shifts. The questionnaire is 152 copies. The analysis method was used as SPSS statistical package 21.0 and Netminer 4.0 program. Social networks were analyzed for leisure satisfaction and leisure restrictions. Results - As a result of analyzing the linkage between variables for leisure satisfaction, most of the variables of leisure satisfaction are satisfied with "psychological factor" and "social factor". However, "educational factor" and "environmental factor" are not satisfied. In order to improve the leisure satisfaction of airport workers in the future, it is necessary to have an environment where leisure activities can be performed and related education. As a result of analyzing the linkage between variables of leisure restrictions, most of the variables in leisure restrictions are "personal factors" and "temporal factors". However, there are few restrictions on "cost-efficient" and "environment-friendly". Conclusions - In the future, in order to reduce the leisure restrictions of airport workers, they need to reduce work stress, psychological time and leisure allowance for leisure activities. However, it is difficult to solve these problems due to realistic problems including the specificity of working at the airport. This research presents an interdisciplinary analysis of how the restrictions and satisfaction factors influence each other in order to further advance the understanding of the constraints and satisfaction that are experienced by the airport employees.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.485-497
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• 2013

The factor of safety is the most common measure of the safety margin for slopes. When the traditionally defined factor is used in kinematic approach of limit analysis, calculations can become elaborate, and iterative methods have to be used. To avoid this inconvenience, the safety factor was defined in terms of the work rates that are part of the work balance equation used in limit analysis. It was demonstrated for two simple slopes that the safety factors calculated according to the new definition fall close to those calculated using the traditional definition. Statistical analysis was carried out to find out whether, given normal distribution of the strength parameters, the distribution of the safety factor can be approximated with a well-defined probability density function. Knowing this function would make it convenient to calculate the probability of failure. The results indicated that the normal distribution could be used for low internal friction angle (up to about $16^{\circ}$) and the Johnson distribution could be used for larger angles ${\phi}$. The data limited to two simple slopes, however, does not allow assuming these distributions a priori for other slopes.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.621-628
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Connectedness to Nature Scale(K-CNS), which was translated from the Connectedness to Nature Scale(CNS) developed by Mayer and Frantz. For this study, questionnaires were conducted with a sample of 407 Korean citizens from various backgrounds and regions, with the ages ranging from 17 to 60. Exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency test and correlation checks were conducted on this questionnaires data. The results of exploratory factor analysis supported that the K-CNS has 10 items in a single factor. The internal consistency of the K-CNS was .880. The K-CNS was positively correlated to the NEP (New Environmental Paradigm), satisfaction with life, mental health, compassionate love, and negatively correlated to stress response. In addition, differences were found by group and age, but not by the gender. The K-CNS was higher in the natural-friendly group than in the general group. By age, the K-CNS scores was high in 40s and 50s than 10-39 years old.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 2013

Environmental-friendly and economical construction are the recent issues for civil structures and soilbag as facing wall is widely used for cut-slope remediation projects. However, the stability of structures is an important issue for the use of environmental-friendly and economical materials. In order to understand the stability of soilbag reinforced retaining wall, tensile resistance, rupture, tensile strength, and internal/external safety factor of the wall were analyzed with MSEW program and the results were compared to the safety factor of block-type reinforced walls. The stability of retaining wall was analyzed with reduction coefficients of connection strength to check the connection stability. Because it is possible to move between soilbag and geogrid connector for soilbag retaining wall, the safety factor of the wall was analyzed with different inclination angles of soilbag. The analysis result shows that the connection strength and internal/external stability of soilbag reinforced wall satisfy the stability criteria.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2018

Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF{\alpha}$) and the angiotensin system are involved in inflammatory diseases and may contribute to acute kidney injury. We investigated the mechanisms by which $TNF{\alpha}$-converting enzyme (TACE) contributes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced renal inflammation and the effect of TACE inhibitor treatment on LPS-induced cellular injury in human renal proximal tubule epithelial (HK-2) cells. Mice were treated with LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and HK-2 cells were cultured with or without LPS ($10{\mu}g/ml$) in the presence or absence of a type 1 TACE inhibitor ($1{\mu}M$) or type 2 TACE inhibitor ($10{\mu}M$). LPS treatment induced increased serum creatinine, $TNF{\alpha}$, and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and TACE increased, while angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) expression decreased in LPS-induced acute kidney injury and LPS-treated HK-2 cells. LPS induced reactive oxygen species and the down-regulation of ACE2, and these responses were prevented by TACE inhibitors in HK-2 cells. TACE inhibitors increased cell viability in LPS-treated HK-2 cells and attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Our findings indicate that LPS activates renin angiotensin system components via the activation of TACE. Furthermore, inhibitors of TACE are potential therapeutic agents for kidney injury.