• 무역상무연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.27-56
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• 2006

Today's financial institutions usually take environmental issues seriously into consideration as they could not evade lender liability in an increasing number of cases. On the international scene, a brand-new concept of the "Equator Principles" in the New Millenium has driven more and more international banks to adopt these Principles in project financing. Sustainable development has been a key word in understanding new trends of the governments, financial institutions, corporations and civic groups in the 21st century. The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for sustainable finance. These Principles commit bank officers to avoid financial support to projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The Principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation(IFC), and launched in June 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks, accounting for up to 80 percent of project loan market, have adopted the Principles. Accordingly, the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental issues of projects to be financed. Compliance with the Equator Principles facilitates for endorsing banks to participate in the syndicated loan and help them to manage the risks associated with large-scale projects. The Equator Principles call for financial institutions to provide loans to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the IFC. - For Category A and B projects, borrowers or sponsors are required to conduct a Social and Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key social and environmental issues. - The Social and Environmental Assessment report should address baseline social and environmental conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, sustainable development, and, as appropriate, IFC's Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, etc. - Based on the Social and Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with borrowers on how they mitigate, monitor and manage the risks through a Social and Environmental Management System. Compliance with the plan is included in the covenant clause of loan agreements. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective actions. The Equator Principles are not a mere declaration of cautious banks but a full commitment of lenders. A violation of the Principles in the process of project financing, which led to an unexpected damage to the affected community, would not give rise to any specific legal remedies other than ordinary lawsuits. So it is more effective for banks to ensure consistent implementation of the Principles and to have them take responsible measures to solve social and environmental issues. Public interests have recently mounted up with respect to environmental issues on the occasion of the Supreme Court's decision (2006Du330) on the fiercely debated reclamation project at Saemangeum. The majority Justices said that the expected environmental damages like probable pollution of water and soil were not believed so serious and that the Administration should continue to implement the project seeking ways to make it more environment friendly. In this case, though the Category A Saemangeum Project was carried out by a government agency, the Supreme Court behaved itself as a signal giver to approve or stop the environment-related project like an Equator bank in project financing. At present, there is no Equator bank in Korea in contrast to three big banks in Japan. Also Korean contractors, which are aggressively bidding for Category A-type projects in South East Asia and Mideast, might find themselves in a disadvantageous position because they are generally ignorant of the environmental assessment associated with project financing. In this regard, Korean banks and overseas project contractors should care for the revised Equator Principles and the latest developments in project financing more seriously. It's because its scope has expanded to the capital cost of US$10 million or more across all industry sectors regardless of developing countries or not. It should be noted that, for a Korean bank, being an Equator bank is more or less burdensome in a short-term period, but it must be conducive to minimizing risks and building up good reputation in the long run.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제73권
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• pp.56-91
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• 2015

본 연구는 개국 5년차에 접어든 종합편성채널의 독립제작 환경과 관행을 미디어 생산과정의 유연전문화 및 조직 관행 관점에서 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 독립PD, 방송작가, 종편 관계자 등 13명을 심층 인터뷰한 결과, 첫째, 종편은 보도프로그램을 제외한 프로그램제작에서 독립제작에 의존도 높은 유연전문화 제작구조가 정착되었고, 시청률과 성과 중심의 계약 관행으로 인해 다양성이 담보된 프로그램 제작이 어려울 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 일부 채널에서는 지상파 보다 높은 제작비 및 인센티브 제도 등의 제작여건 개선도 있었지만, 이러한 보상체계는 방송사 내부의 경쟁과 독립제작자들 간의 경쟁을 심화시켜 저작권의 일방적 소유, 불공정거래로 이어졌음을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 신문방송 겸영에 따른 사주의 영향력 뿐 아니라 신문사 출신 관리자의 관리구조로 인한 위계적인 독립제작 관행이 정착될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 종편 내부 관계자와 독립제작자들의 '종합편성'에 대한 인식을 살펴본 결과 일부 종편사 관계자는 다양성보다는 수익과 성과 측면에서 편성 장르와 내용이 우선적인 고려사항이라고 밝혔고, 광고주와 광고국에 의해 독립제작자들의 제작권이 침해받을 경우 다양한 소재와 장르에 대한 접근이 어려움을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 종편채널의 편성과 프로그램 독립제작은 기존의 '외주제작' 정책과 다른 관점에서의 제도적 보완과 규제가 필요함을 논의하였다.