• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2017

The present study is to understand the Bongseonsa stream in the National Arboretum fish fauna variation through comparison with historical data and to evaluate the stream health situated. We performed investigations over three times from April to September 2015. In the survey, 2,960 individuals which belonging to 22 species, 8 families were collected. Dominant species by number was Zacco platypus and subdominant species was Zacco koreanus. Seven Korean endemic species (Squalidus gracilis majimae, Microphysogobio yaluensis, Zacco koreanus, Koreocobitis rotundicausata, etc) were observed and showed a ratio of 36.4%. The community analysis revealed that the structure of fish community in the study sampling sites was instability in having dominance 0.79 (${\pm}0.15$), diverse 1.21 (${\pm}0.60$), evenness 0.58 (${\pm}0.15$) and species richness 1.49 (${\pm}0.83$). The values in the Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) was averagely 122.9 (${\pm}44.8$) in the Bongseonsa stream and this was showed to have favorable habitat surroundings. As a result of tolerance guild analysis, the total number of sensitive species and intermediate species were higher than tolerant species. Analysis was divided into A and B two groups of fiducial 12.25% in Cluster analysis degree of similarity between study sampling sites. Fish Assessment Index (FAI) was rated A and B grade in Bongseonsa stream that stream health showed favorable. However Wangsuk stream as a urban stream rated C grade and analysed the lowest grade in the whole study sampling sites. There was high correlation beteween FAI and various indexes, dominance, diverse, evenness and sensitive species and intermediate species.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.23
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• pp.10217-10223
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• 2015

Hyperactivated ${\alpha}2$-6-sialylation on N-glycans due to overexpression of the Golgi enzyme ${\beta}$-galactoside: ${\alpha}2$-6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal-I) often correlates with cancer progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis. This study was aimed to determine the association between ST6Gal-I expression and the risk of recurrence and survival of patients with localized clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) following surgery. We retrospectively enrolled 391 patients (265 in training cohort and 126 in validation cohort) with localized ccRCC underwent nephrectomy at a single center. Tissue microarrays were constructed for immunostaining of ST6Gal-I. Prognostic value and clinical outcomes were evaluated. High ST6Gal-I expression was associated with Fuhrman grade (p<0.001 and p=0.016, respectively) and the University of California Los-Angeles Integrated Staging System (UISS) score (p=0.004 and p=0.017, respectively) in both cohorts. Patients with high ST6Gal-I expression had significantly worse overall survival (OS) (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) and recurrence free survival (RFS) (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively) than those with low expression in both cohorts. On multivariate analysis, ST6Gal-I expression remained associated with OS and RFS even after adjusting for the UISS score. Stratified analysis suggested that the association is more pronounced among patients with low and intermediate-risk disease defined by the UISS score. High ST6Gal-I expression is a potential independent adverse predictor of survival and recurrence in ccRCC patients, and the prognostic value is most prominent in those with low and intermediate-risk disease defined by the UISS score.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-63
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• 2006

This study aims at examining effects of study skills training on elementary school children's self-directed learning ability. To achieve this goal, the following hypotheses were built. Hypothesis 1. There are significant differences in self-directed learning ability between experimental and control groups. Hypothesis 2. There are significant differences in study skills by self-directed learning ability in the experimental group. To test these hypotheses, two classes in the fourth grade were selected from S Elementary School in the city of Busan for experimental and control groups, each of which consisted of 23 children: seven for the advanced group, eight for the intermediate group, and eight for the lower group according to self-directed learning ability. The experimental group participated in twenty sessions of study skills training while the control group went through no treatment. The study skills training program was the reconstruction to meet the requirements of this study in reference to domestic study skills training programs on the basis of the Study Skills Training Program for Elementary School Children in the Higher Grades developed by Byeon and others (2001), The effects of the program was tested by using the Study Skills Test for Elementary School Children in the Higher Grades developed by the educational institute of Busan National University (Bye on et al., 1999) and Lee's (1998) translation of the Self-Directed Learning Preparation Test by Guglielmino (1977) for elementary school children. To analyze the effects of the program, the SPSSWIN (10.0) program was used to carry out ANCOVA on results of pretest and post-test for experimental and control groups, along with repetitive one-way ANOVA to examine differences in results of pretest, post-test, and further test and an individual comparative test (Scheffe) to see differences in means of the three tests. This study obtained the following results. First, there were significant differences in marks for self-directed learning ability between the experimental group participating in study skills training and the control group and the effect was shown to last. Second, in terms of three levels of self-directed learning ability, there was no significant difference between advanced and intermediate groups in the effects on study skills but there were significant differences in the lower group. The results demonstrated that study skills training had a significant effect on their self-directed learning ability. and the study skills training program had a meaningful effect on the lower group.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2012

Objectives: Individuals differ in their biological rhythms. This study investigated the association between the morningness-eveningness and sleep patterns, daytime sleepiness and fatigue in Korean male adolescents. Methods: Participants were 501 eleventh grade male students ($16.9{\pm}0.2$ years of age) in one male high school in Seoul. Each student completed the Korean translation of composite scale (KtCS), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and a questionnaire about their sleep schedule. Results: The evening group had shorter weekday sleep time than the intermediate (p<0.001) or morning group (p=0.029). The evening group had more daytime napping (16.8%, p<0.001), high rate of caffeine use (58.8%, p<0.001) and snoring (18.5%, p=0.037). The evening group showed more daytime sleepiness (8.7, SD=3.2, p<0.001) and severe fatigue (4.4, SD=1.2, p<0.001) than the intermediate or morning group. Conclusion: Adolescents with eveningness have higher problems in weekday sleep, daytime sleepiness and fatigue. An intervention program for sleep problem in these adolescents should be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.56-72
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• 1992

The author compared the follow-up study in 1991 with the previous study conducted in 1986 as same method and sample population selected from same schools as the previous study. Twenty classes of 3rd and 4th grade of two elementary schools in Seoul were selected as sample population. One of the two schools was located in the area of lower social class, and the other in the area of higher social class. The total sample was 1.142 in 1986 and 1,048 in 1991. According to the severity and the frequency of being battered among the sampled ones during the last one year. three groups were purposefully identified : The unbattered the intermediate and the seriously battered. The seriously battered was defined as the severity of battering more serious than N degree owing to Straus' Conflict Resolution Technique Scale with the frequency of 12 or more episodes for one year. The rest of being battered were classified into the intermediate group. Surprisingly the incidence rate of the seriously battered, was increased about 3 times more than previous study. Except incidence rate, the results were same or similar as previous one. The experience of being battered was more serious as previous study in the lower social strata, under the poor living and housing condition, in the broken family such as step parents or absence of parents and with the parent of unemployed. Also the child battering was evaluated to be closely related to all the other forms of family violence. And psychosomatic. psychological and behavioral manifestations were markedly serious in the seriously battered group. The drastic increase of incidence rate of battered child should be analyzed in various aspects : one of them might be derived from the improvement of social recognition and understanding toward the battered child.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.684-693
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze fish communities in the Wonju stream located in Wonju-si in Gangwon-do, and to evaluate the health of the stream through past and present changes. We performed investigations four times from May 2015 to September 2016. In the survey, 5,201 individuals which belonged to 27 species and 9 families were collected. Zacco platypus was the dominant species and Pungtungia herziwas the subdominant species. Eight Korean endemic species (Acanthorhodeus gracilis, Zacco koreanus, Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Squalidus gracilis majimae, Microphysogobio yaluensis, Iksookimia koreensis, Koreocobitis rotundicaudata, Coreoperca herzi) were observed and showed a ratio of 16.54%. The fish community of dominance ($0.72{\pm}0.10$), diversity ($1.37{\pm}0.32$), evenness ($0.61{\pm}0.13$), and richness ($1.70{\pm}0.23$) were evaluated. According to our analysis of tolerance guilds, the total individual number of intermediate species was higher than the sensitive and tolerant species. As a result of the trophic guild analysis,the omnivore and insectivore species were relatively high. The value of the qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI) in the wonju stream was averaged 121.2 (${\pm}23.4$), indicating a suboptimal condition. Stream health showed that the fish assessment index (FAI) value was an A to C grade in the Wonju stream. A correlation coefficient analysis with FAI and various factors was analysed statistically, and had a high correlation in QHEI, with the omnivore species, insectivore species, intermediate species, sensitive species, dominance, diversity, evenness, and richness.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1081-1092
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• 2023

Objective: To investigate the incidence of microvascular myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and its relationship with angina. Materials and Methods: Diabetic patients and an intermediate-to-high pretest probability of CAD were prospectively enrolled. Non-diabetic patients but with an intermediate-to-high pretest probability of CAD were retrospectively included as controls. The patients underwent dynamic computed tomography-myocardial perfusion imaging (CT-MPI) and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to quantify coronary stenosis, myocardial blood flow (MBF), and extracellular volume (ECV). The proportion of patients with microvascular myocardial ischemia, defined as any myocardial segment with a mean MBF ≤ of 100 mL/min/100 mL, in patients without obstructive CAD (Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System [CAD-RADS] grade 0-2 on CCTA) was determined. Various quantitative parameters of the patients with and without diabetes without obstructive CAD were compared. Multivariable analysis was used to determine the association between microvascular myocardial ischemia and angina symptoms in diabetic patients without obstructive CAD. Results: One hundred and fifty-two diabetic patients (mean age: 59.7 ± 10.7; 77 males) and 266 non-diabetic patients (62.0 ± 12.3; 167 males) were enrolled; CCTA revealed 113 and 155 patients without obstructive CAD, respectively. For patients without obstructive CAD, the mean global MBF was significantly lower for those with diabetes than for those without (152.8 mL/min/100 mL vs. 170.4 mL/min/100 mL, P < 0.001). The mean ECV was significantly higher for diabetic patients (27.2% vs. 25.8%, P = 0.009). Among the patients without obstructive CAD, the incidence of microvascular myocardial ischemia (36.3% [41/113] vs. 10.3% [16/155], P < 0.001) and interstitial fibrosis (69.9% [79/113] vs. 33.3% [8/24], P = 0.001) were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in the controls. The presence of microvascular myocardial ischemia was independently associated with angina symptoms (adjusted odds ratio = 3.439, P = 0.037) in diabetic patients but without obstructive CAD. Conclusion: Dynamic CT-MPI + CCTA revealed a high incidence of microvascular myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients without obstructive CAD. Microvascular myocardial ischemia is strongly associated with angina.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.327-333
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• 2017

The purpose of this research was to analyze characteristics of verbal interactions of each homogeneous group in the learning of the 6th grade's 'Use of Lenses' Unit. For this research, six learning sessions were conducted in one 6th grade class composed of a high-academic-achievement group, an intermediate-academic-achievement group, and a low-academic-achievement group. All lessons were recorded, to analyze the verbal interactions of each group, and the transcribed data were analyzed using the verbal-interaction analytic framework. Results included: In the upper group, although opinions were presented more frequently, there were many negative verbal interactions in completing the tasks. The middle group was observed more specifically to accept peer opinions critically in their observational activities. The middle group's members were more active in presenting their opinions than listening to others' opinions. The lower group had difficulties in drawing conclusions because of a lack of ability to persuade peers or to respect the opinions of peers, even though the frequency of verbal interactions was higher than in other groups. Therefore, a homogeneous group structure is good for a simple activity involving a simple inquiry or an exchange of opinions, while a heterogeneous group structure is more effective in activities focused on understanding scientific concepts and knowledge.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.381-386
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• 2002

Background: Bronchial carcinoids account for approximately 2% of all pulmonary tumor and consist of typical carcinoids and atypical carcinoids. An atypical carcinoids is considered to be an intermediate form of tumor between a low-grade malignant typical carcinoid and a high-grade malignant small cell lung carcinoma. There is still controversy with regard to the extent of resection and the value of systemic adjuvant therapy in atypical carcinoids. We performed a retrospective review of our experiences at Severance Hospital. Material and Method: Between 1990 and 2000, 15 patients with bronchial carcioids were operated, and 5 of these had atypical carcinoids. Histologic diagnosis was established un the criteria of WHO/IASLC(1999). Result: There were 3 pneumonectomies, 11 lobectomies, and 1 segmentectomy. In typical carcinoids, one patient had regional lymph node metastasis, and 3 patients in atypical carcinoids had mediastinal lymph node metastases. Distant metastases developed in one patient of typical carcinoid, but developed in 4 patients of atypical carcinoids(p=0.0017). The 5-year survival rate in patients with atypical carcinoids was 20%, versus the 100% 5-year survival rate observed in patients with topical carcinoids(p=0.0039). Conclusion: In atypical carcincids, because of many lymph node metastases on diagnosis and a low long-term survival rate, lobectomy constitutes a mininal procedure. Adjuvant systemic therapy is recommended fur patients with lymph node and distant metastasis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.508-513
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• 2000

In an attempt to evaluate the fertilizer of sediments obtained from coastal farming areas, chemical composition, bacteriological quality and heavy metals in the sediments alkalized by quicklime and magnesium hydroxide were analyzed. The optimum conditions of alkalization were also measured. A perfect reaction was possible by the addition of quicklime of $30{\%}$ at the rate of $25{\%}$ of sediment and $100{\%}$ of livestock wastes. According to the classification standard for compost constituent by Higgins, all composts had the intermediate or high grade in $T-N, K_2O,\;CaO\;and\;MgO$, but below the low grade in $P_2O_5$, Stabilization by quicklime and magnesium hydroxide has been known to inhibit bacterial decomposition of organic matter and activity of pathogenic organisms. In this study, raising pH of stabilized sediments to 12 for 2 hours (PSRP rriteria of EPA) allowed $99.9{\%}$ of coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count to be reduced. As a result, sediments of coastal farming areas are likely to be used to produce the organic fertilizer by alkaline stabilization.