• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.24.1-24.8
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• 2017

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different algae in diet on growth, survival, and interleukin-10 productions of sea cucumber. At first, a 9-week feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and survival of the sea cucumber fed one of the six experimental diets containing ST (Sargassum thunbergii), UL (Ulva lactuca), UP (Undaria pinnatifida), LJ (Laminaria japonica), SS (Schizochytrium sp.), and NO (Nannochloropsis oculata) in a recirculating aquaculture system. The result showed that survival was not significantly different among the dietary treatments, and the specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber fed the UL diet ($1.58%d^{-1}$) was significantly higher than that of sea cucumber fed the other diets (P < 0.05), except for the LJ and NO diets. Secondly, interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression was determined where mice splenocytes were stimulated with $10{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ of sea cucumber extracts for 2 h. The result showed that IL-10 gene expression levels were significantly increased in UL, LJ, and NO diets fed sea cucumber extracts compared to other experimental diets. The results suggest that dietary inclusion with Ulva lactuca, Laminaria japonica, and Nannochloropsis oculata algae may improve the growth of juvenile sea cucumber and could upregulate IL-10 gene expression in mice splenocytes. Such detailed information could be helpful in further development of more appropriate diets for sea cucumber culture.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2003

연구배경 : Rhinovirus(RV)는 상기도 감염의 중요한 원인균으로, 성인에서 기관지천식의 급성악화의 주요 원인이다. RV에 의한 기도염증반응의 기전은 잘 알려져 있지 않지만 interleukin(IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8 및 RANTES 등의 사이토카인을 매개로 일어난다. 염증반응에 관여하는 사이토카인의 발현은 적어도 전사인자 NF-${\kappa}B$에 의존성이므로 이러한 가설을 검증하기 위해 인체기도상피세포에서 RV에 의한 IL-8의 분비양상과 NF-${\kappa}B$ 활성화 단계에서 차단 제로 이용되는 N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC), PDTC, 및 TPCK를 투여하여 IL-8의 차단정도를 연구하여 NF-${\kappa}B$의 역할을 규명하고자 하였다. 방법 : 인체 기관지상피세포(BEAS-2B)와 RV type 14(RV14)를 ATCC로부터 구입하여 RV14 스톡을 만들고 역가를 측정하였다. 자극이 없는 대조군(배지단독)과 RV14를 상피세포에 감염시킨 후(MOI=1.0) 각각에서 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 시간에 배양 상층액(SN)을 얻었다. 또한 대조군, RV14 자극군, NAC, PDTC, 및 TPCK 처치와 함께 RV14 자극을 준 군에서 각각 배양 12시간에 배양 상층액을 수집했다. SN에서 효소면역측정법으로 IL-8의 농도를 측정하였다. 결과 : 1) 상피세포는 RV14 자극이 없는 상태에서 배양시간의 경과에 따라 약간의 IL-8의 생산이 있었다. 2) 상피세포에 RV14 감염 후 4시간에서부터 IL-8이 증가하여 배양 48시간까지 지속적으로 증가하였다. 3) NAC와 PDTC는 RV14에 의한 IL-8의 생산을 유의하게 감소시켰으나, TPCK는 RV에 의한 IL-8의 생산을 억제하였지만 통계학적으로 유의하지 않았다. 4) NAC와 PDTC는 RV에 의한 IL-8 생성을 용량 의존적으로 억제하였다. 결론 : 일부 항산화제가 RV에 의한 기도염증반응을 차단할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하며 추후 NF-${\kappa}B$ 활성화 경로의 차단 부위에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 2007

In this paper, we present evidence that the Korean red ginseng extract shows the immunomodulatory activities during postoperative chemotherapy after curative surgery in patients with advanced colon cancer. We measured the circulating interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8)and interleukin-10 (IL-10) as a immune modulator to evaluate the effect of Korean red ginseng. The mean preoperative value of IL-2 was similar in the non-RG group and the RG group (5.72 pg/ml versus 6.87 pg/ml, p>0.05). The mean value of IL-2 was compared with IL-2 from healthy control group, there was no significant difference (14.89 pg/ml versus 14.22 pg/ml, p>0.05). The mean preoperative value of IL-8 was higher in the non-RG group comparing with the RG group (30.92 pg/ml versus 36.25 pg/ml, p < 0.05). At postoperative 3 month, the mean values of IL-8 from non-RG and RG group down to 24.56 pg/ml and 21.46 pg/ml respectively. The IL-8 of RG group at 3 month showed no difference with that of HC group(21.46 pg/ml versus 16.31 pg/ml, p>0.05). The preoperative mean value of IL-10 of non-RG, RG and HC group was 11.56 pg/ml, 10.8 pg/ml, and 3.68 pg/ml respectively. At postoperative 3 month, the mean values of IL-10 from non-RG and RG group down to 8.45 pg/ml and 5.04 pg/ml respectively. In spite of decreasing IL-10 levels of both cancer Patients group with time, there was still significant difference with that of HC group (non-RG versus HC group, p=0.00, RC versus HC group, p=0.04). The results of this study suggest that the red ginseng extract may have some immunomodulatory properties associated with IL-2, IL-8 and IL-10 activity in patients with advanced colorectal cancer during postoperative chemotherapy. We think to need the further studies and a larger sample size to fully evaluate the antitumor effect of ginseng and need to establish this mechanism of action as well as identify the active components associated with antitumor activity and immunomodulation in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.4403-4408
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• 2013

Background: Chronic inflammation is considered as an important factor in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. The presence of inflammatory cells and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and their surrounding tissues is gaining much importance in research. Materials and Methods: One hundred ninety NSCLC cases and 200 age, smoking and sex matched controls were evaluated for association of IL-8 -251 (rs4073) and IL-8 -845 (rs2227532) in our population. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used followed by direct sequencing for the detection of SNPs. Results: The IL-8 -845 polymorphism was not found in our population. No significant association was observed between the IL-8 -251 AT genotypes and IL-8 -25 AA genotypes and NSCLC (p=0.05) in our population. The IL-8 -251 A allele was also non-significant (p=0.05) in NSCLC patients. Conclusions: In conclusion, this report reveals lack of association between IL-8 - 251 A/T polymorphism and NSCLC in our Kashmir Valley population.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.118-124
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• 2013

Vibrio parahaemolyticus in uncooked seafood causes acute gastroenteritis. The microorganism has two sets of type III secretion systems and two hemolysins. When it injects its effector proteins into a host cell via type III secretion system 1, one of the type III secretion systems induces secretion of interleukin (IL)-8, a proinflammatory chemokine, through the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK. Although probiotics have beneficial effects on hosts and can help control some infectious diseases, there is little research on the efficacy of probiotics in V. parahaemolyticus infection. Here we pretreated V. parahaemolyticus-infected human intestinal epithelial cells with heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis KB290, a probiotic isolated from fermented vegetables (traditional Japanese pickles) and utilized as an ingredient of beverages and supplementary foods, and demonstrated its efficacy in enhancing IL-8 secretion from V. parahaemolyticus-infected cells. Among the three heat-killed lactic acid bacterial strains we tested, L. brevis KB290 induced the highest level of IL-8 secretions in the infected cells. Relative to control cells (Caco-2 cells pretreated with PBS), V. parahaemolyticus-infected Caco-2 cells pretreated with heat-killed L. brevis KB290 secreted IL-8 earlier, although concentrations were similar 450min after infection. Heat-killed L. brevis KB290 pretreatment also induced earlier ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, greater p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and enhanced IL-8 mRNA expression. Heat-killed L. brevis KB290 accelerated IL-8 secretion, a host cell immune response, in V. parahaemolyticus-infected cells. We consider this to be beneficial because IL-8 plays an important defensive role against infection, and would contribute to the repair of injured epithelial cells.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

Immune responses associated with bacterial infection involve various inflammatory cells. Clinical symptoms and pathologic features are particularly influenced by the predominant cells Among inflammatory cells, T cells have the heterogenity. T cells may develop into the mature cells expressing the cell surface markers with different functions and T helper cells are categorized into Th1 and Th2 cells based on their different patterns of cytokine production. The objective of this study was to investigate the change of expression of surface markers on T cells and the Th1/Th2 immune response in pulpal inflammation associated with specific bacteria. We experimentally induced pulpal inflammation in rat incisors by drilling without coolant and innoculated with Streptococcus mutans (S.M. group), Porphyromonas endodontalis (P.E. group), or only sterile cotton (control group). After 1, 2, and 5 days, mandibular incisors were extracted and the pulp tissues were extirpated The expressions of IL-2 recepters (CD25) and ICAM-1 (CD54) on CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the pulps were determined using a flow cytometer, and the concentration of IL-2, IFN-$\gamma$ and IL-4 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were as follows: 1 In the S.M. group, CD4+ cells were more increased at 2nd day than 1st day and in the P.E. group, CD8+ cells were more increased at 2nd day than 1st day. 2. The percentages of CD4+, CD4+25+ and CD4+54+ cells were decreased in the pulp tissues at 5th day after irritation in all groups. 3. The ratios of CD4+/CD8+, CD4+/CD4+25+ and CD4+/CD4+54+ in the pulps at 2nd day after irritation by P. endodontalis were significantly lower than the other groups. 4. The higher concentrations of IFN-$\gamma$ than IL-4 in the pulps at 2nd day after irritation by P. endodontalis showed that T helper 1 reaction were predominant in the early stage of the pulpal inflammation induced by P. endodontalis. 5. The higher concentrations of IL-4 than IFN-$\gamma$ in the pulps at 1st day and 5th day after irritation by S. mutans were measured but the differences were not significant.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제66권
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• pp.213-220
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• 2023

본 연구는 비자나무(Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zucc, TN)와 생물전환 된 비자나무 추출물(TNB)의 항염증 효과를 평가하기 위해 수행되었으며 이를 위해 C. acnes에 의해 유도된 RAW264.7 염증 모델에서 염증인자의 발현을 조사하였다. 실험 결과, TNB는 50, 100, 200 ㎍/mL 농도에서 TN의 높은 세포독성을 개선하였으며 nitric oxide (NO)와 NO 합성 효소인 inducible NO synthase (iNOS) 및 prostaglandin의 합성 효소인 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)의 발현을 유의하게 억제하였다. 또한 TNB는 염증성 사이토카인인 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 및 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8의 발현을 유의하게 억제하였으며 특히 IL-6, IL-8의 경우 가장 고 농도인 200 ㎍/mL에서 정상세포 수준으로 감소하였다. 이후 진행된 western blot에서 인산화 된 IκB-α 및 NF-κB의 발현이 농도의존적으로 억제됨을 확인하였으며 인산화가 억제되면서 degradation이 감소하여 TNB처리 농도가 높아짐에 따라 IκB-α의 농도가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로, TNB는 NF-κB신호 전달 경로를 차단함으로써 다양한 염증 매개 인자의 발현을 효과적으로 하향 조절할 수 있으며 이를 통해 항 염증 활성을 유도하는 것으로 확인된다. 이러한 결과를 근거로 TNB가 C. acnes에 의해 유발된 염증성질환의 치료에 효과적인 천연물 소재로 적용될 수 있음을 제안한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.2395-2399
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• 2016

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cytokines play an important role in the regulation of immune responses and defense against viral infections. Human interleukin 6 (IL6) is a multifunctional cytokine that participates in these processes. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the IL6-174 gene polymorphism in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as compared with healthy controls in an Iranian population. Materials and Methods: Totals of 297 HBV patients and 368 control individuals were evaluated. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and the SSP-PCR (sequence specific primer-polymerase chain reaction) method was applied for genotyping. Results: The frequencies of genotypes C/C, G/G and C/G in HBV cases were 4.7%, 34.3%, 60.9% and in controls were 12.8%, 39.7% and 47.6%, respectively. The frequencies of G and C allele in patients and controls were 78.1%, 21.9% and 67.4%, 32.6 % respectively. There was a significant difference in the frequencies of G/G genotype (CI=1.8-7.1, OR=3.47, P=0.00001) and G allele (CI=1.34-2.23, OR=1.72, P=0.0001) between HBV patients and the control group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the IL6-174 C/G genotype and the G allele are strongly associated with susceptibility to HBV infection. Demographic information showed that most of the subjects were male (74.4%). According to high frequency of G/G genotype in male participants (63.1%) men probably are more susceptible to hepatitis than women.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.638-644
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• 2020

Lilium lancifolium (LL) is widely cultivated in East Asia and used to attenuate airway diseases. Our current study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of LL on pain level and inflammatory response in a rat model of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA). We first examined the effect of LL on inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators in IL-1β-treated HTB-94 cells. The LL extract was found to significantly inhibit the levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE-2) in Interleukin-1 β (IL-1β)-stimulated HTB-94 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, chronic oral administration of LL effectively restored the weight-bearing distribution in the rat model of MIA-induced OA. In addition, administration of LL inhibited inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, leukotriene B4 (LTB-4), PGE-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Our findings collectively suggested LL as one of the potential therapeutic agents for OA, owing to its properties of reducing pain and inflammatory responses.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.377-384
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• 1998

Gold compounds depress phagocytic cell responses, including chemotaxis, and respiratory burst. However, the effects of gold compounds on the function of phagocytic cells are variable according to the preparation of medicine. In this study, effect of tetrachloroauric acid on activated neutrophil responses, including respiratory burst, lysosomal enzyme release and change of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level and on the synthesis of interleukin-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor by macrophages was studied. This study further examines how gold compounds affect the activation processes. The respiratory burst stimulated by complement C5a, degraded IgG and PMA in neutrophils was inhibited by tetrachloroauric acid. In contrast to C5a and degraded IgG, PMA-stimulated superoxide production was weakly inhibited by tetrachloroauric acid. Staurosporine, genistein, EGTA and verapamil inhibited superoxide and $H_2O_2$ production caused by C5a and degraded IgG. PMA-stimulated superoxide production was inhibited by staurosporine but was not affected by genistein. Tetrachloroauric acid, genistein, EGTA and verapamil inhibited the release of acid phosphatase and myeloperoxidase, while the effect of staurosporine was not detected. The synthesis of interleukin-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor by $interleukin-1{\beta}$ in macrophages was inhibited by tetrachloroauric acid. Preincubation with tetrachloroauric acid, genistein, EGTA and verapamil, the elevation of [$Ca^{2+}_i$] evoked by C5a was inhibited. Store-regulated $Ca^{2+}$ entry in thapsigargin-pretreated neutrophils was decreased by the addition of tetrachloroauric acid and genistein. The effect of staurosporine on intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization was not observed. In conclusion, tetrachloroauric acid may suppress neutrophil responses through its inhibitory action on elevation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level and protein kinase C. It might exhibit an inhibitory effect on the action of protein tyrosine kinase. Tetrachloroauric acid depresses cytokine production by macrophages.