• 대기
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.311-326
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• 2021

To improve the predictability of high-impact weather phenomena around Seoul, where a larger number of people are densely populated, KMA conducted the intensive observation from 22 June to 20 September in 2020 over the Seoul area. During the intensive observation period (IOP), the dropsonde from NIMS Atmospheric Research Aircraft (NARA) and the radiosonde from KMA research vessel Gisang1 were observed in the Yellow Sea, while, in the land, the radiosonde observation data were collected from Icheon and Incheon. Therefore, in this study, the effects of radiosonde and dropsonde data during the IOP were investigated by Observing System Experiment (OSE) based on Korean Integrated Model (KIM). We conducted two experiments: CTL assimilated the operational fifteen kinds of observations, and EXP assimilated not only operational observation data but also intensive observation data. Verifications over the Korean Peninsula area of two experiments were performed against analysis and observation data. The results showed that the predictability of short-range forecast (1~2 day) was improved for geopotential height at middle level and temperature at lower level. In three precipitation cases, EXP improved the distribution of precipitation against CTL. In typhoon cases, the predictability of EXP for typhoon track was better than CTL, although both experiments simulated weaker intensity as compared with the observed data.

• 대기
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.299-316
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• 2008

The intensive upper-air observation network was organized over southwestern region of the Korean Peninsula during the Korea Enhanced Observing Program in 2005 (KEOP-2005). In order to examine the effect of additional upper-air observation on the numerical weather forecasting, three Observing System Experiments (OSEs) using Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System (KLAPS) and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with KEOP-2005 data are conducted. Cold start case with KEOP-2005 data presents a remarkable predictability difference with only conventional observation data in the downstream and along the Changma front area. The sensitivity of the predictability tends to decrease under the stable atmosphere. Our results indicates that the effect of intensive observation plays a role in the forecasting of the sensitive area in the numerical model, especially under the unstable atmospheric conditions. When the intensive upper-air observation data (KEOP-2005 data) are included in the OSEs, the predictability of precipitation is partially improved. Especially, when KEOP-2005 data are assimilated at 6-hour interval, the predictability on the heavy rainfall showing higher Critical Success Index (CSI) is highly improved. Therefore it is found that KEOP-2005 data play an important role in improving the position and intensity of the simulated precipitation system.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2016

The technique for Eye-tracking is to trace the movements of pupils so that the eye's exploration response to be digitized. The procedure of Observation Experiment shows a mutual environmental characteristics between men and measuring devices. In order to improve the reliability and to secure the objectivity of the data acquired from eye-tracking, it is very important to analyze the procedures for the experiment to be prepared and the test data to be saved. Based on this viewpoint, the convergent exploration activities at the observation experiment with the objects of sport images were examined to find out what influences the context effect given by experimental environments have on this experiment. In addition, the starting time of attention affecting the reliability of observation data has been estimated. When the observation time is to be subdivided by the unit of second. The attention disperses for the individual characteristics to be appreciated. However, in case of analysis by the overall average, there was the problem that the section of attention dispersed to make it difficult to analyze the subjects' observation features. The study results made it possible to understand the physiological characteristics which were near unconsciousness, when there was an intensive attention for the first 3 seconds and the observation data were shown to be in ordinary range after 4 seconds. The analysis of observation with the focus of the intensive attention enabled the analysis with the first 3 seconds excepted so that it might approach the ordinary range of observation data. The distribution of attention for the first 3 seconds showed the intensive attention, which was on the center. The emergence of intensive attention and the overlapping of the centers can be considered as a context effect due to the correction for the preparing process of experiment. Accordingly, it is thought to be helpful to the security of objectivity and the construction of reliability of eye-tracking data to analyze the observation features shown after the deletion of the data for the first 3 seconds.

• 대기
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.435-453
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• 2007

KEOP (Korea Enhanced Observing Period)-2004 intensive summer observation was carried out from 20 June to 5 July 2004 over the Southwestern part of the Korean peninsula. In this study, the effects of KEOP-2004 intensive observation data on the simulation of precipitation system are investigated using KLAPS (Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System) and PSU/NCAR MM5. Three precipitation cases during the intensive observation are selected for detailed analysis. In addition to the control experiments using the traditional data for its initial and boundary conditions, two sensitivity experiments using KEOP data with and without Jindo radar are performed. Although it is hard to find a clear and consistent improvement in the verification score (threat score), it is found that the KEOP data play a role in improving the position and intensity of the simulated precipitation system. The experiments started at 00 and 12 UTC show more positive effect than those of 06 and 18 UTC. The effect of Jindo radar is dependent on the case. It plays a significant role in the heavy rain cases related to a mesoscale low over Changma front and the landing of a Typhoon. KEOP data produce more strong difference in the 06/18 UTC experiments than in 00/12 UTC, but give more positive effects in 00/12 UTC experiments. One of the possible explanations for this is that : KEOP data could properly correct the atmosphere around them when there are certain amounts of data, while gives excessive effect to the atmospheric field when there are few data. CRA analysis supports this reasoning. According to the CRA (Contiguous Rain Area) analysis, KEOP data in 00/12 UTC experiments improve only the surrounding area, resulting in essentially same precipitation system so the effects remain only in each convective cell rather than the system itself. On the other hand, KEOP data modify the precipitation system itself in 06/18 UTC experiments. Therefore the effects become amplified with time integration.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.84-91
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• 2012

The total data of observing interior space was divided into a few time frames for analysis. If we can understand the changing process of observation degree as the observation time passes, we will be able to analyse the characteristic and process of information obtainment in the case of space observation. For this purpose, the observation time was parted into 30 second units and the changing characteristic by time frame and observation area was analysed. The conclusion derived from this study is as the following: First, analysis of observation frequency and time on the basis of the average data of each subject showed that the observation time increased compared with the subject's frequency and the overall trend but that it was difficult for me to think there was a certain trend in the observation time of each subject. However, when I examined the time change by using the trend line which is a dynamic average line representing the observation time from the subjects as the trend element of time series, I could see the trend that the subject's observation time increased at a fixed rate as the frequency increased. Second, when I compared and analysed the average observation area at Area I set up by the time of 30 second unit and the observation area of Area I from the all data, I could see that the former had more degree of concentration at Area I. This analysis enabled me to get the degree of concentration on the observed area every time, and accordingly I could also see that when the data of intensive observation by time frame is analysed, the degree of concentration is dispersed for the subjects to observe very intensively or the area with overlapping observations each time frame can be seen as Area I out of the entire observation data. Third, when I analysed the observation characteristics by time frame at the 6 areas divided at 30 second unit at the rate of the number to the time of observation areas, I could see that as the observation time passed while the number of the observation areas defined as decreased the observation time increased, which means that when the area numbers decreases the area intensively observed by the subjects decreases as the time passes. In spit of that, the increase of time can be interpreted as more intensive observation of a specific area.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2014

2013년 여름철 집중관측기간(장마기간: 2013년 6월 20일-7월 7일, 집중호우기간: 2013년 7월 8일-30일) 동안 이동식 기상관측시스템의 레윈존데 관측 자료를 전 지구 통합예측시스템 3차원 자료동화에 이용하여 그 효과를 살펴보았다. 효과 분석을 위한 2가지 모의실험 중 규준실험은 기존 기상청 관측 자료만 사용한 것이고 관측시스템실험은 기상청 관측 자료에 이동식 기상관측시스템의 레윈존데 자료를 추가한 것이다. 장마기간 동안 두 실험의 500 hPa 지위고도, 850 hPa 기온, 300 hPa 풍속의 관측 및 분석검증 비교 결과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았는데, 이는 고정관측소의 레윈존데 자료(0000 UTC 및 1200 UTC)만을 기준으로 검증이 이루어졌기 때문이다. 하지만, 종관기상관측시스템의 시간별 누적 강수량 자료를 이용한 강수검증에 있어서 관측시스템실험의 평균 공정임계지수가 규준실험에 비해 2% 수준으로 개선된 결과를 보였다. 특히 강수검증에서 긍정적인 효과가 나타난 사례만 비교한 경우, 관측시스템실험의 평균 공정임계지수가 규준실험에 비해 41%까지 개선된 결과를 보여 이동식 기상관측시스템 레윈존데 관측 자료가 수치모델의 예측정확도 향상에 유용함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.682-691
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• 2013

The aerosol extinction vertical profile and surface visibility have been derived from the Microtops-II sunphotometer observation during the winter 2011 intensive observation period (IOP) at Seoul, Korea. Using models of degradation of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and aerosol scale height, we have performed extinction-visibility modulation to determine the height dependent aerosol extinction and visibility. It is shown that the aerosol loading is relatively low during IOP (mean $AOT_{550}=0.22{\pm}0.08$, ${\AA}$ngstr$\ddot{o}$m exponent=$1.14{\pm}0.26$). Modeled extinction by use of Microtops II sunphotometer data shows good agreement with measurements by the Multi-wavelenth Polarization Lidar (MPoLAR), and the derived surface visibility are consistent with data from the transmissometer. These results emphasize the use of a vertically resolved extinction from AOT to predict visibility conditions at ground level.

• 대기
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.187-204
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• 2013

This study analyzed the synoptic distribution and vertical structure about four cases of precipitation occurrences using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and upper level data of winter intensive observation to be performed by National Institute of Meteorological Research at Bukgangneung, Incheon, Boseong during 63days from 4 JAN to 6 MAR in 2012, and Observing System Experiment (OSE) using 3DVAR-WRF system was conducted to examine the precipitation predictability of upper level data at western and southern coastal regions. The synoptic characteristics of selected precipitation occurrences were investigated as causes for 1) rainfall events with effect of moisture convergence owing to low pressure passing through south sea on 19 JAN, 2) snowfall events due to moisture inflowing from yellow sea with propagation of Siberian high pressure after low pressure passage over middle northern region on 31 JAN, 3) rainfall event with effect of weak pressure trough in west low and east high pressure system on 25 FEB, 4) rainfall event due to moisture inflow according to low pressures over Bohai bay and south eastern sea on 5 MAR. However, it is identified that vertical structure of atmosphere had different characteristics with heavy rainfall system in summer. Firstly, depth of convection was narrow due to absence of moisture convergence and strong ascending air current in middle layer. Secondly, warm air advection by veering wind with height only existed in low layer. Thirdly, unstable layer was limited in the narrow depth due to low surface temperature although it formed, and also values of instability indices were not high. Fourthly, total water vapor amounts containing into atmosphere was small due to low temperature distribution so that precipitable water vapor could be little amounts. As result of OSE conducting with upper level data of Incheon and Boseong station, 12 hours accumulated precipitation distributions of control experiment and experiments with additional upper level data were similar with ones of observation data at 610 stations. Although Equitable Threat Scores (ETS) were different according to cases and thresholds, it was verified positive influence of upper level data for precipitation predictability as resulting with high improvement rates of 33.3% in experiment with upper level data of Incheon (INC_EXP), 85.7% in experiment with upper level data of Boseong (BOS_EXP), and 142.9% in experiment with upper level data of both Incheon and Boseong (INC_BOS_EXP) about accumulated precipitation more than 5 mm / 12 hours on 31 January 2012.

• 대기
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2003

기상연구소 주요사업 "한반도 악기상 집중관측사업(KEOP)"의 일환으로 2001년 기반공사를 시작하여 2002년 초부터 오토존데, 윈드프로파일러 등 첨단관측장비의 해남기상관측소에 도입 및 설치와 2002년 11월 연구용 도플로 레이더의 (구)무안기상대에 이전 설치로 국가 악기상 집중관측센터는 안정적으로 구축되었다. 이 집중관측센터를 중심으로 기존 기상청 관측망과 연계하여 2002년에 여름철 장마, 태풍 "루사" 그리고 강설과 같은 악기상 집중관측과 국제집중관측프로그램(CAMP/CEOP)에 참여를 위한 고층 및 플럭스 관측자료의 안정적 생산 및 DB 구축 능력 평가를 위한 고층 및 플럭스 집중관측을 국내 대학들과 협력하여 성공리에 실시하였다. 이들 집중관측자료의 초기 분석결과, 국가 악기상 집중관측센터에 설치된 첨단관측장비에서 생산된 관측자료는 악기상 구조 및 발달과정 분석연구 뿐만 아니라 지표 플럭스 연구 활성화에 크게 기여할 것으로 판단되었다. 특히 태풍 "루사" 통과시 오토존데를 이용한 3시간별 고층관측을 통한 태풍 "루사" 중심 구조 분석은 매우 의미 있는 결과로 사료된다. 앞으로 2003년 1월부터 안정적으로 운영되는 윈드프로파일러 자료를 이용하여 악기상 관련 전선 및 하층바람 구조 및 발달 과정 분석을 분석하고, 아울러 연구용 X-밴드 도플러 레이더, 오토존데 관측 자료간의 비교분석으로 윈드프로파일러 관측자료의 정확도를 평가하고자 한다. 광학강우강도계, 마이크로 강수레이더, 연구용 X-밴드 도플러 레이더 그리고 기상청 진도 S-밴드 레이더를 이용하여 악기상 강수시스템의 구조 및 발달 과정 분석할 예정이다. 또한 국가 악기상 집중관측센터는 태풍과 장마, 겨울철 폭설과 한파와 같은 악기상 집중 관측외에 봄과 가을철에 많은 강수를 동반한 저기압 통과시, 황사 발생의 경우 등에 특별관측을 수행하여 특이기상 현상의 이해력을 증진시키는데 활용코자 한다.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2011

This study aimed to analyze the teachers' cognitions about the primary science textbooks(experiment and observation) used in elementary schools. This study surveyed 211 teachers in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS WIN 10.0. The results of this study are as follows : Most of the teachers showed positive opinions on the directions of the compilation of experiment and observation textbook. Teachers used experiment and observation textbook as summary notes, experiment reports and evaluating methods. The experiment and observation textbooks should be compiled and reorganized in order as follows : Lesson introduction, inquiry activities, and intensive and supplementary activities which are followed by space of description in experiment and observation textbook.