• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.62-68
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• 2018

This study investigated the effect of light intensity on the removal of particulate matter by Dieffenbachia amoena 'Marianne' and Spathiphyllum spp.. An acrylic chamber ($600{\times}800{\times}1200mm$, $L{\times}W{\times}H$) modeled as an indoor space and a green bio-filter ($495{\times}495{\times}1000mm$, $L{\times}W{\times}H$) as an air purification device were made of acrylic. The removal of particulate matter PM10 and PM1, the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and number of stomata of Dieffenbachia amoena 'Marianne' and Spathiphyllum spp. were measured according to three different levels of light intensity (0, 30 and $60{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}PPFD$). Regarding the length of time taken for PM10 to reach $1{\mu}g$, the Dieffenbachia amoena 'Marianne' showed a significant difference according to the presence or absence of light, and there was no significant difference shown between light intensity of 30 and $60{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}PPFD$. As for the Spathiphyllum spp., there was no significant difference between 0 and $30{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}PPFD$, while a significant difference was shown at $60{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}PPFD$. After 90 minutes, the PM1, PM10, and $CO_2$ residuals of the Spathiphyllum spp. were lowest at $60{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}PPFD$. The remaining amount of PM1 and PM10 was lower with the Spathiphyllum spp. than with the Dieffenbachia amoena 'Marianne', even at $0{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}PPFD$. With both plants, the higher the light intensity, the higher the photosynthetic rate, while the stomatal conductance did not show any significant difference. Spathiphyllum spp. showed a higher photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance and a greater number of stomata than Dieffenbachia amoena 'Marianne', and stomata were observed in both the front and back sides of the leaves. The air purification effect of Spathiphyllum spp. is considered to be better than Dieffenbachia amoena 'Marianne' at the same light intensity due to such plant characteristics. Therefore, in order to select effective indoor plants for the removal of particulate contamination in an indoor space, the characteristics of plants such as the photosynthetic rate and the number and arrangement of stomata according to indoor light intensity should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2006

The accuracy of rural land cover using airborne multispectral images and LEAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data was analyzed. Multispectral image consists of three bands in green, red and near infrared. Intensity image was derived from the first returns of LIDAR, and vegetation height image was calculated by difference between elevation of the first returns and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) derived from the last returns of LIDAR. Using maximum likelihood classification method, three bands of multispectral images, LIDAR vegetation height image, and intensity image were employed for land cover classification. Overall accuracy of classification using all the five images was improved to 85.6% about 10% higher than that using only the three bands of multispectral images. The classification accuracy of rural land cover map using multispectral images and LIDAR images, was improved with clear difference between heights of different crops and between heights of crop and tree by LIDAR data and use of LIDAR intensity for land cover classification.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study compared the changes in the range of motion (ROM ) on the knee joint according to three different isometric contraction intensities when applying Evjenth - Hamberg stretching (EHS) to the hamstring muscles of healthy subjects. METHODS: Forty eight healthy subjects aged between 20 and 39 years were allocated randomly to four groups; performing EHS at 10% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) group, EHS at 50% MVIC group, EHS at 100% MVIC group, and control group (CG) pre-, and post-intervention. The flexibility of the hamstring muscles was evaluated using a digital goniometer for measuring the knee joint ROM motion. A Chattanooga stabilizer was used to adjust the MVIC intensity by 10%, 50%, and 100%, respectively. RESULTS: These results show that the pre- and post-intervention knee joint ROM were significantly different in all four groups (p<.05). The post-intervention knee joint ROM showed a significant difference between the 100% MVIC group and non-MVIC group (p<.05). The knee joint ROM difference between the pre- and post-interventions was similar in the 10% MVIC and 50% MVIC groups but significant differences were observed among the other groups (p<.05). CONCLUSION: EHS of the hamstring muscles was effective in improving the knee joint ROM with an isometric contraction intensity of 10%, 50%, or 100% MVIC, and of these, 100% MVIC was most effective.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.9.1-9.9
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare postoperative pain intensity after root canal treatment with One G (OG) vs. R-Pilot (RP) files used for glide path preparation. Materials and Methods: Ninety-three single-canaled mandibular premolar teeth with asymptomatic non-vital pulp were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n = 31): OG, RP, or without glide path (WGP). After creating the glide path, the root canals were prepared using sequential Mtwo rotary files to size 30/0.05. One endodontic specialist carried out single-visit endodontic treatment. The patients were asked to rate the severity of postoperative pain on a visual analogue scale at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the visit. They were also asked to record their intake of prescribed analgesics taken. The data were analyzed using the ${\chi}^2$, Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: In all 3 groups, postoperative pain decreased significantly at each time interval (p < 0.05). At 24 hours, the OG group had less postoperative pain than the WGP group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the RP group and the others. No statistically significant difference was found among the WGP, OG, and RP groups in postoperative pain intensity at 48 or 72 hours or in analgesic tablet intake at the 3 assessed time intervals. Conclusions: The OG group had less postoperative pain than the WGP group in the first 24 hours. The OG and RP systems were similar regarding postoperative pain intensity and analgesic intake.

• CELLMED
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.17.1-17.4
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• 2021

Episiotomy is the commonest obstetrics intervention in the world to reduce severe perineal injuries. Its prevalence is 43% to 100% in primiparous women in Asia. Further, worldwide approximately 10-95% of pregnant women undergo episiotomy incision during birth. Delay in wound healing probably increases the risk of wound infection, changes the muscular structure, and ultimately causes muscle tone loss. So, wound care is of specific significance to postnatal maternal outcomes. Hence, this case study aimed to evaluate the effect of Marham-i-Raal in episiotomy wound healing and pain relief. The study was conducted in eleven postpartum primi or multipara pregnant women aged between group 19 and 35 years with term gestational age, singleton pregnancy in a cephalic presentation who had a normal vaginal delivery with mediolateral episiotomy, without a perineal tear, and perineal hematoma. Externally, application of Marham-i-Raal 2g on episiotomy incisional wound, twice a day for 10 days was advised. Wound healing of episiotomy and pain intensity was assessed with REEDA ["redness, oedema, ecchymosis, discharge and approximation of the edges"] scoring and VAS scoring for pain intensity respectively. At one hour (baseline), the REEDA mean score of eleven patients was 3.90±1.04 whereas on day 7-10 it was 0.18±0.40 with statistically significant difference (p<0.001). The VAS mean score at one hour was 6.90±1.22 whereas on day 7-10 it was 0.72±0.78 with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Marham-i-Raal would be effective in episiotomy wound healing and reducing pain intensity. Further, randomized double-blind controlled trials in large sample size are recommended.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.157-173
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• 2018

Purpose Product characteristics and price value in website have strongly effects on customer satisfaction. Especially, in the online shopping site, the scarcity limits the customer's opportunity to purchase the product. Thus scarcity has been proposed as a important factor that makes the customer highly aware of the merchantability of the product. The scarcity in the web store is used as an important variable to make purchasing decisions of users easier by psychological pressure. In the case of scarce products with price discounts in online commerce, advertising formats that highlight scarcity value in the web commerce market are very effective in enhancing purchase intentions of consumers. Unlike offline stores, the importance of scarcity becomes more important when reflecting the characteristics of online commerce. Therefore, this study intends to confirm the influence of the degree of price discounts and scarcity information presented by Web sites on consumer purchase behavior in Web purchase behavior. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted a web-based experimental study on price sensitivity and price discount. Therefore, we created experimental web-sites that offer two stimuli according to the discount rate. The 200 respondents were randomly assigned. The stimuli were fictitious based on tourism products. The first stimulus presented the price discount(15% discount) with basic explanation about the package of the tourist package. The stimuli assigned to the second group were used for groups with high price discount intensity(65% discount). In this way, the two stimuli clearly distinguished the level of price discount intensity. This paper conducted t-test analysis and structural equation to analyze the experiemental results after confirming the reliability and validity. Findings The results of this study are as follows. The difference in price discount intensity (15% vs 65%) with scarcity showed the mean difference among all the variables. Therefore, this study concluded that there is a significant difference between the price discount of 15% and 65% for the acquisition value and transaction value of users. In particular, consumers' purchase intention is greater and product recommendation intensity is stronger when the price discount is 65%. As a result, the high degree of the price discount intensity with scarcity exerts a greater influence on consumers' purchase intentions. Product scarcity also have a significant impact on perceived value of users. Therefore, purchase intention of customers increases when perceived value increases their profit and pleasure feeling.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.383-396
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to measure the suprathreshold taste intensity for NaCl, sucrose, citric acid, and quinine HCl in elderly Korean women using a whole-mouth, sip-and-spit procedure, employing the method of magnitude matching. The results were analysed in terms of aging, menopause, and salivary flow rate. 31 elderly women (mean age; $50.8{\pm}5.1$ years) and 30 young women (mean age; $25.1{\pm}1.71$ years) were included for the study. Subjects were instructed to give nonmodulus magnitude estimates to the intensities of five concentrations each of sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl; distilled water; 6 loudness level of a 1,000-Hz tone, using the same 9-point intensity scale. Each of the 21 taste stimuli and 6 auditory stimuli are presented in random order twice. The auditory function is used to assess the absolute intensity function of the subject's taste system. The results were as follows; 1. Comparing to young women, elderly women showed decreased taste intensities for lower concentration solutions of NaCl and sucrose. However, other solutions didn't show any difference in taste intensities between young and elderly women. 2. There were not significant difference in perceived taste intensities for NaCl, sucrose, citric acid, and quinine HCl between menopause and pre-menopause women in elderly women group. 3. There were not significant difference in perceived taste intensities for NaCl, sucrose, and quinine HCl between low salivation women and high salivation women in elderly women group. 4. The low salivation women in elderly group showed higher taste intensity for low concentration citric acid than high salivation women.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2001

Recently some studies have shown that low light intensity followed by final cure at high light intensity may result in a smaller marginal gap and may be no negative effect on material properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the initial cure with low intensity on the shear bond strength of dentin and the microhardness of composite resin. Twenty intact bovine teeth were prepared for shear bond strength test and each tooth sectioned to three specimens. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups according to the light intensity and curing time as follows; Group I. $450mmW/cm^2$ 40sec Group II. $300mmW/cm^2$ 20sec and $600mmW/cm^2$ 20sec Gropu III. $250mmW/cm^2$ 20sec and $450mmW/cm^2$ 20sec. Samples of each group were restored with light-cured composite resin after dentin bonding and then the shear bond strength of each specimen were measured using universal testing machine. Ten resin specimens per group were prepared. After 24 hours, the Vickers microhardness value was measured at the top and bottom surfaces. The result are as follows; 1. Mean value of low initial intensity groups(II, III) were higher than the control group(I) in shear bond strength, but no significant difference could be found. 2. No significant difference could be found between three groups in microhardness.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.273-279
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• 2004

Recently, newly developed single high-intensity LED curing lights for composite resins are claimed to have a higher intensity than previous LED curing lights and to results in optimal properties and short curing time. The purpose of this study was to determine the curing effectiveness of the curing units and to evaluate the relationship between the degree of polymerization and distance from curing light tip end to resin surface. One composite resin was tested(Filtek Z250). Thin film specimens were cured with a LED curing unit(Elipar Freelight 2, 10s), Plasma Arc curing unit(Flipo, 6s), Halogen curing light(XL3000, 20s) at four curing light tip to the resin surface(0mm, 2mm, 4mm, 6mm). Degree of conversion of composite resins were determined by a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer(FTIR). From the present study, the following results were obtained. 1. In all curing units, relative light intensity was significantly decreased according to the increase of distance of light tip to the resin surface(p<0.05). LED curing units showed a higher percentile decrease in intensity than other curing units. 2. In all curing units, degree of conversion was decreased as increase of the distance but no statistically significant difference(p>0.05) except between 4mm and 6mm(p<0.05). 3. When comparing degree of conversion of light curing units at each distance(0mm, 2mm, 4mm, 6mm), LED curing light had a higher degree of conversion than plasma arc and halogen curing lights at 0, 2, 4mm(p<0.05). At 6mm, there was a no significant difference among the curing units(p>0.05).

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.483-497
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• 2016

Purpose of this study is to compare and analyze effect of exercise intensity in complex training for 8 weeks on leptin, growth hormone, IGF-1, and body composition in middle school with intellectual disability. Subjects of this study were 26 middle school students, 9 in high-intensity group, 9 in middle-intensity group, and 8 in low-intensity group. To compare the difference from different exercise intensity, pre-value before training has been set as covariate and different exercise intensity has been set as independent variable, with changes in leptin, growth hormone, IGF-1, and body composition. Analysis of covariance (ANOVA) has been performed for data analysis and effect size ${\eta}^2$(eta) has been deduced. Result acquired from analyzed data is as following. First, when equal exercise has been imposed on middle school students with intellectual disability, in regard of exercise intensity, it was shown that leptin most decreased in middle-intensity, growth hormone most increased in middle-intensity, and IGF-1 increased in low-intensity. Second, in regard of body composition, low-intensity was most effective in increase of total body weight without fat. Decrease of body fat was most prominent in middle-intensity and increase of bone density, in low-intensity. Also, in further studies, study that differentiates subjects in gender and individual exercise performance is deemed mandatory.