• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Excessive sugar intake is one of the causes associated with obesity and several chronic diseases prevalent in the modern society. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of parenting variables based on the theory of planned behavior, on the sweetness preferences and sweets intake of children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Parents and their children (n = 103, aged 5-7 years) were enrolled to participate in a survey for this study, after providing the required informed consent. Parents were asked to fill out a self-administered questionnaire at their residence. The sweetness preference test for children was conducted at a kindergarten (or daycare center) by applying the one-on-one interview method. RESULTS: The children were divided into two clusters categorized by the K-mean cluster analysis: Cluster 1 had higher sweetness preference (0.42 M sugar, 35%; 0.61 M sugar, 65%); Cluster 2 exhibited lower sweetness preference (0.14 M sugar, 9.5%; 0.20 M sugar, 9.5%; 0.29 M sugar, 81%). Cluster 1 had a higher frequency of sweets intake (P < 0.01), and lower sweets restriction (P < 0.05) and nutrition quotient score (P < 0.05). Sweets intake was negatively correlated with the nutritional quotient (r = -0.204, P < 0.05). The behavioral intention of parents was higher in cluster 2 (P < 0.05), while affective attitude, feeding practice, and reward were higher in cluster 1 (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, and P < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, behavioral intention of parents showed a negative correlation with affective attitude (r = -0.282, P < 0.01) and feeding practice (r = -0.380, P < 0.01), and a positive correlation with subjective norm (r = 0.203, P < 0.05) and parenting attitude (r = 0.433, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the sweetness preferences and sweets intake of children is related to the parent's affective attitude, feeding practice and reward. We suggest that to reduce the sugar consumption of children, guidelines for access to sweets and pertinent parenting practices are required.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.49-64
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• 2023

Osteoporosis is a major health problem confronting middle-aged women today. Enhancing calcium intake in early adulthood can increase the rate of calcium gain in bone. In this study, we investigated the association of bone health-related nutritional knowledge levels with calcium-related dietary behavior and nutrition education among women. Data were collected using questionnaires from 347 women aged 20~30 residing in Gyeonggi-do. Subjects were categorized into two groups according to their bone health-related nutritional knowledge (high or low-knowledge group). Knowledge related to bone health and calcium, and dietary habits was assessed, and the preference for and intake frequency of calcium-rich food were collected and analyzed using food frequency questionnaires. The high-knowledge group showed a significantly higher rate of nutritional education experience (33.9%) when compared with the low-knowledge group (18.9%). Not only were the perceptions regarding milk and dairy products more positive in the high-knowledge group (P<0.05), but the intake frequency of calcium-rich foods, such as tofu, soybean, and anchovies, was also higher in this group compared to the low-knowledge group (P<0.05). Overall, the preference for all calcium-rich foods was positively correlated to their intake frequency (P<0.05). Nutrition education experience and the recognition of the need for such education were positively correlated with the bone health-related nutrition knowledge score (P<0.05). In conclusion, bone health-related nutritional knowledge can affect calcium-related dietary behavior and increase the intake of calcium-rich food of 20~30-year-old women and this can contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis. To improve bone health-related nutritional knowledge among young women, it may be important to provide nutrition education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.146-154
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the vegetable eating behaviors and preferences of elementary school students by stage of change for vegetable intake. The subjects consisted of 191 fourth and fifth grade elementary school students from Gyeonggi province. The stage of change for vegetable intake was categorized into three groups: precontemplation (PC, 18.4%), preparation (P, 43.5%), and action/maintenance (A&M, 48.2%). The trend to eat a variety of foods was more distinctive as the students went from the PC to the A&M stage. The stage of change for vegetable intake was closely related with the kimchi-eating pattern of the students. The A&M group ate more vegetables than the PC group because they liked vegetables and/or wanted to prevent disease. The PC group had a lower tendency to follow recommendations for vegetable eating than the P and A&M groups. The PC group also had an incorrect notion that low vegetable consumption over an extended time would not have a big impact on their health. The vegetables of high preference for the elementary school students were potato, sweet potato, lettuce, radish, perilla leaf, cucumber, and cabbage. The vegetables of low preference were spinach, onion, balloon flower, and green pepper. The PC group had lower preferences for most vegetables than the P and A&M groups. Therefore, careful nutrition education is necessary especially for students in the PC group in order to explain the positive effects of vegetable intake and negative effects of an unbalanced diet. It is also necessary to survey students' tastes consistently and to develop recipes that encourage them to consume more vegetables agreeably.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the degree of different stresses and to search the influence of food habit and nutrient intakes at stress situation in university students and secondary school teachers. The data was collected by questionnaire method and searched nutrient intakes by 24 hours recall. The subjects were 282 students and 152 high school teacher in Kyunggi do. Physical status was no difference with two groups. Energy intake of teachers was lower than that of students, but the intakes of vitamin A and C were high in teachers' group. The university students had more stress situation than teachers in almost kind of stresses except overload stress. Self-diagnosed dietary habits were better in the group of teacher. Especially smoke and alcohol drink behavior were correlated with nutrient intakes in male teachers and students. The quantity of nutrient of nutrient intakes was correlated with different kind of stress. The stress of life event was correlated with the intakes of carbohydrate, minerals, thiamin and riboflavin, and the deprivation was with iron and vitamin A in teachers' group. The intake of almost nutrients was correlated with the stress of noise in students' group. By the analysis of stepwise multiple regression, although the $R^2$ values were very low, vitamin C intake was influenced in the factor at the stress of life events($R^2$=0.025), self-efface($R^2$=0.030) and noise($R^2$=0.020), thiamin was at food induced stress ($R^2$=0.021) and vitamin A was at the stress of type A behavior($R^2$=0.022) and anxiety response($R^2$=0.014). Therefore, we could concluded that different kind of stresses were influenced in dietary behavior and nutrient intakes. More research would be needed at the aspects of health promotion in the stressful situation of modern society.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.481-491
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to find out how important providing nutrition education to young students is. The study is based on the assumption that students' food behavior, nutrition knowledge and cognition of body image, weight control and nutrition education are considerably influenced by gender. A total of 495 students (249 boy and 246 girl students) were surveyed in one middle school located Siheungsi, Gyeonggido. The average height and weight of the boy and girl students are 164.6 cm, 54.4 kg and l58.5cm, 47kg, respectively. According to average BMI, the boy students($20.0kg/m^2$) are in the normal state. However, the girl students($18.2kg/m^2$) are underweight. For the status of meal intake, 52.4% of the students took breakfast everyday. Female students had dinner with lower intake frequency than males(p<0.05). For snack intake, the kinds of snack differ according to gender(p<0.05); more milk for male and more fruit for female students. The scores of dietary behavior based on Mini Dietary Assessment were 21.5/30 for male and 21.3/30 for female students. The nutrition knowledge scores of 4.6/10 for male and 4.6/10 for female students were not significantly different according to gender. The score of dietary behavior is based on Mini Dietary Assessment. The survey shows that in terms of the experience of weight control, 35.5% of the girl students have made an effort to watch their weight and 21.8% of the boy students have tried controlling their weight(p<0.0001). It turns out that the students who have been provided nutrition education are more satisfied with their body shape than those who have never been provided nutrition education(p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.418-429
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the web-based nutrition counseling on the dietary behavior and food intake of hyperlipidemic patients and to evaluate the web-based nutrition counseling program. Forty hyperlipidemic patients, twenty of them were hypercholesterolemia and the other twenty were hypertriglyceridemia, participated in the web-based nutrition counseling program. At the first nutrition counseling, the patients were interviewed and then follow-up nutrition counselings were accomplished four times during eight weeks through a web-based internet program. The web-based nutrition counseling program was consisted of diet management, nutrition education and nutritional assessment and the follow-up counseling program. The dietary behavior score increased significantly in both groups after the nutrition counseling program(p<0.01). The diet therapy knowledge score also increased significantly (p<0.01). For food frequency, vegetable (p<0.01), fruit (p<0.05) and seaweed (p<0.01) consumption increased significantly, while meat (p<0.01), egg (p<0.01), snack (p<0.01) and instant food (p<0.01) intake decreased significantly in both groups after the nutrition counseling program. The evaluation of the web-based nutrition counseling program by the patients showed above average in all domains, specially the evaluation scores of younger aged patients habituated to practice computer were better than those of older aged patients. Therefore, this study shows that the web-based nutrition counseling program is effective for improving dietary behavior and food consumption the patients. In addition, these results indicate that internet presents us with potential as a new medium for nutrition counseling in informationized society.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.405-414
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• 2016

Objectives: The associations between the eating behavior and energy and macronutrient intake from meals and snacks consumed during different times of the day across the menstrual cycle were investigated in 74 healthy female college students. Methods: A 9-day food record was collected during the last 3 days before menstrual onset (phase 1) and the first 3 days after menstrual onset (phase 2) and from the 4th to the 6th day after menstrual onset (phase 3), respectively. Anthropometry was assessed and eating behaviors were measured using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). Results: External eating was the most prevalent type of eating behavior, followed by restrained eating and emotional eating. Restrained eating was positively associated with energy, carbohydrate and lipid intake at the breakfast and midmorning snack during phase 3. However, emotional eating was also positively related to energy and macronutrient intake at the dinner and after-dinner snack during phase 1 and phase 3, with higher level detected in the phase 1. The association of emotional eating with the snack consumption was highest in phase 1. External eating was positively associated with energy and macronutrient intakes at the dinner and after-dinner snack across the three phases, the highest level being phase 1. In addition, restrained eating was positively associated with the weight, body mass index(BMI), fat mass, waist and hip girth of the subjects. Conclusions: Eating behaviors varied with regard to meals and snacks consumed during different times of the day across the three menstrual phases. Dinner and afterdinner snack consumption in premenstrual phase could be considered as a time when women are more prone to overconsumption and uncontrolled eating.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1211-1218
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of age and gender (bull vs steer) on feeding behavior parameters in young beef cattle fed grass silage. Methods: The study was conducted on 180 young beef cattle at 7 to 18 mo of age. The experimental materials comprised 90 bulls produced by commercial crossing of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows with Charolais, Limousin and Hereford bulls (30 animals of each breed) and 90 steers of the same genotypes. The animals had ad libitum access to grass silage; the concentrate was fed separately, in feed stations. They received 28 g dry matter of concentrate per kg of metabolic body weight per day. Bunk visit data and silage intake for all experimental animals were recorded individually using the Roughage Intake Control system (5 feed bunks per 15 animals). Results: Age and gender (bull vs steer) exerted significant effects on the feeding behavior of young beef cattle. The frequency of bunk visits and meal frequency decreased, whereas the feeding rate of silage, and the average duration and size of a single meal increased with age (p<0.01). Bunk attendance and meal frequency were higher (p<0.01) in steers than in bulls (49.1 vs 37.4 visits/d, and 8.63 vs 7.99 meals/d, respectively). Daily feeding time was longer in steers than in bulls (102.3 vs 100.3 min/d, respectively), but the feeding rate of silage was lower in steers, and their meals were smaller in size and shorter in duration (p<0.01). Daily silage dry matter intake was higher (p<0.01) in bulls than in steers (4.62 vs 4.47 kg/d, respectively). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that age and gender (bull vs steer) exerted significant effects on the feeding behavior of young beef cattle.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.158-170
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between milk intake and prevalence rates of chronic diseases using KNHANES data, and the significance of the relationship was tested based on meditators, socioeconomic status (income, education), dietary behaviors (smoking, alcohol drinking, breakfast, and eating out), and physical activity (walking, medium, and high). Methods: Using the 5th and 6th survey data of KNHANES, milk intake rates and presence of seven chronic diseases were summarized and analyzed by ANOVA for two groups of adult men and women as follows: hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, diabetes, abdominal obesity, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The dependent variables for the presence of seven chronic diseases regressed with socioeconomic, dietary behavior, and physical activity variables according to Logistic models. The dependent variables for milk intake using predictor variables of socioeconomic, dietary behaviors and physical activity were analyzed according to Logistic models. Finally, the significant socioeconomic, dietary behavior, and physical activity variables in the above model along with milk intake as a control variable or mediator variable regressed with significant chronic diseases according to Logistic models. Results: Milk intake, socioeconomic status, dietary behaviors, and physical activity were significantly different among the two groups of adult men and women, which were also critical factors to the prevalence of chronic diseases. The dependent variable for prevalence of chronic diseases regressed with significant factors of socioeconomic status, dietary behavior, and physical activity variables according to chronic diseases using the control or mediator variable of milk intake and summarized as follows: For adult men, milk intake controlled the education effect on diabetes partly, alcohol on hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, breakfast on metabolic syndrome, eating out on obesity, and medium physical activity on hypertriglyceridemia. For adult women, household income on hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, abdominal obesity, education level on hypertension, alcohol drinking, eating out, and walking activity on abdominal obesity, alcohol, breakfast, eating out, walking activity on low HDL-cholesterol, and medium physical activity on hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterol were partly controlled by milk intake. Other significant socioeconomic status, dietary behavior, and physical activity variables related to prevalence of chronic diseases were fully controlled or mediated by milk intake. Conclusion: This study shows that milk intake (daily more than 200 g) prevents chronic diseases such as hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, abdominal obesity, and metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.407-418
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• 2015

Purpose: Given that the indicators related to chronic diseases are important to evaluating goals of the national health policy, the aim of this study was to develop dietary behavior items available in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: The dietary behavior items were developed based on the literature reviews, need assessment of the field, expert focus-group interviews, and expert advisory meeting. Questions for each dietary behavior item were developed by reflecting on environmental, personal, and behavior factors of the ecological frame and then revised through expert focus-group interview and expert advisory meeting. The understanding and reliability of the developed questionnaire were assessed by cognitive interview and test-retest reliability. Results: The developed items were sodium and salt intake, added and simple sugar intake, enough time to consume a meal for all ages, caffeine drinks and fresh/healthy food intake for children and adolescents, and limited dietary intake, fresh/healthy food intake for seniors. In most questions except some questions on sodium and salt intake, subjects understood over 70% and consistency of responses based on the kappa values was acceptable. Conclusion: Developed dietary behavior items are expected to be useful for evidence-based nutrition policy, interventions and research targeting dietary patterns through investigating and monitoring dietary behavior patterns.