• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.45-52
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• 1987

Generally the factors affected largely by the cold cracking sensitivity of the weld are the quantity of the diffusible hydrogen, the brittleness and hardness of the bond area and the tensile restraint stress. These factors have relation each other, and if we can reduce one of these factors, it becomes instrumental to the root cracks prevention of weld. This study deals with the gravity type-underwater-welding of KR Grade A-3 marine steel plate using E4303 welding electrode in order to compare wet-underwater-welding with in-air- welding, resulting in obtaining the tensile restraint characteristics, the hardness distribution, the quantity of diffusible hydrogen and the macro- and micro-crack properties in both underwater and in-air welds. The main results obtained are as follows: 1) The quantity of diffusible hydrogen measured for 48 hours is about 18cc/100g-weld-metal for the in-air-weld of one pass and about 48cc/100g-weld-metal for the underwater-weld of one pass which is about 3 times penetration of diffusible hydrogen compairing with the case of the in-air-weld. However, it was experimentally confirmed that, by the multi-pass welding of 2 to 5 passes, the diffusible hydrogen in the underwater weld metal can be reduced as much as 27 to 49%. 2) The hardness of the weld metal indicates the highest value in the heat affected zones of underwater weld for more rapid cooling rate, resulting in the higher sensitivity of cold cracking. So, it is desirable to soften the higher hardness in the HAZ by tempering effect such as the multi-pass welding in the underwater welding. 3) At the bond vicinity of the underwater weld HAZ, micro cracks were found as resulted by both more rapid cooling rate and more diffusible hydrogen and also by the stress corrosion cracking under the tensile restraint stress in the underwater. But this could be prevented by the tempering effect of the following weld bead such as the multi-pass welding.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

Objectives : To investigate aggravating and mitigating factors of atopic dermatitis and to utilize the outcome in treatment planning. Methods : The research has a cross-sectional study design. Patients' SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) Index, demographic, physical characteristics, social history, serologic index and skin related instrumental measurements were analyzed with correlation and regression analysis method. Results : 48 patients in total were enrolled in the study. Skin Surface Hydration (SSH) and sex were found to be statistically significant aggravating and mitigating factors. As SSH increased, Total SCORAD (tSCORAD) and Objective SCORAD (oSCORAD) increased as well. As SSH decreased, tSCORAD and oSCORAD decreased as well. Female patient had a higher probability of suffering from severer subjective symptoms than that of male. Age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption and smoking, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IFN-γ were found not to be statistically significant. There was no correlation between Subjective SCORAD (sSCORAD) and oSCORAD neither with Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). Conclusions : Increasing cutaneous moisture should be included in the treatment plan of atopic dermatitis. More emphasis should be put on alleviating subjective discomforts of female patients than that of male. Establishing separate strategies of managing objective eczema status and subjective discomforts respectively should be considered.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.93-108
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affected to physical functions, activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). The subjects for this study, 236 persons, 65 years and over, who were living at rural area in Chun-Cheon city. This survey was carried out from march 3rd to April 25th, 1998. The data was analysed by using SPSS PC+ program. The results were as follows. 1.The variables that were related to the conditions of physical functions were as follows; age, sex, educational level among the general characteristics; raising ways of money, monthly using money for life, states of pocket money, obtaining method of pocket money, state of weight, problems in mind, whether or not chronic illness among socio ㆍeconoㆍphysical conditions; the level of satisfactions in life, subjective condition of health among the subjective thinking ; controlling state in smoking and drinking of alcohol among the lifestyles for promoting health. But the variables for medical utilization were not related to the level of physical function. 2. The variables that were associated with the condition of ADLs were as follows; age among the general characteristics; monthly using money for life, working amount among the socioㆍeconoㆍphysical conditions; subjective conditions of health among the subjective thinking. But The variables for medical utilization, lifestyle for promoting health were irrelevant to the conditions of ADLs. 3. The variables that were related to the conditions of IADLs were as follows; age, educational level among the general characteristics; raising ways of money, monthly using money for life, resident type in the household, procurement method of pocket money, level of weight, problems in mind, wether or not chronic illness among socioㆍeconoㆍphysical condition; regularity of health checking among lifestyles for promoting health; kinds of utilizing medical agent among the variables about utilization patterns of medical agencies; subjective condition of health among the subjective thinking In this study, in the aged there were related factors of physical and life functions, were age, working amount, subjective condition of health.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.55-73
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• 1995

An Effect of Muscle Strength Training Program on Muscle Strength, Muscle Endurance, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Quality of Life in the Institutionalized Elderly Recent statistics shows that the aged are the fastest growing segment of our population by increasing life span. The age group of over 60 shows multiple health problems and the most serious handicapping problem of these. are related to the changes in muscular skeletal system. With aging, people lose. their muscle mass and muscle strength resulting from biological changes and physical inactivity. Studies documented a 30-50% loss of muscle mass in an advanced age and thus, ordinary life activities can be seriously affected due to weakened muscle strength. Preservation of muscle strength of lower limb is especially important in the aged. Since it is readily affected from reduced physical activity in old age, sometimes to the detriment of moving or walking. So muscle strength exercise program designed for the elderly to improve leg muscle strength and leg muscle endurance. The research design used was nonequivalent control group pretest - protest design. The purposes of this study were to test the effect of muscle strength exercise program utilizing Leg Press on muscle strength, muscle endurance, instrumental activities of daily living(IADL), cognitive perceptual variables and quality of life. Forty nine subjects participating in this study consisted of twenty four male and twenty five female. Twenty four experimental group subjects were selected from C-institution in Chung Buk province, and twenty five control group subjects were selected from O-institution in Chung Nam province. The mean age of subjects was 72.8 years. Muscle strength training program utilizing Leg Press for the experimental group was carried out three times a week for 9 weeks. The data was collected from August, 1993 to October, 1993. Data were analyzed with $X^2-test$, t-test, ANCOVA test, Kruskal Wallis 1-Way ANOVA test using SPSS PC program. Results were obtained as follows : 1) The experimental group showed significantly higher scores on muscle strength (leg lift strength, back lift strength and grip strength) and muscle endurance than control group after the experiment $\ulcorner$F=52.35(p=.001), F=54.07(p=.001), F=6.97(p=.011), F=18.17(p=.001)$\lrcorner$ 2) Experimental group were significantly higher scores on IADL than control group(F=7.51, p=.009). 3) Experimental group showed significantly higher scores on economical state and self esteem aspects of the quality of life scale than control group $\ulcorner$F=10.59(p=.002), F=6.97(p=.011)$\lrcorner$. But there were no differences in emotional state, physical and functional state and relationship with reatives in the quality of life between groups. 4) Scores on IADL showed a significant difference with the level of muscle strength and muscle endurance $\ulcornerx^2=7.73(p=.025),\;x^2=8.86\;(p=.011)\lrcorner$ 5) Scores on self esteem and physical and functional state aspects of the quality of life scale showed a significant difference with the level of IADL $\ulcornerx^2=11.39(p=.003),\;x^2=9.02(p=.011)\lrcorner$. 6) Scores of experimental group after the experiment in cognitive perceptual variables (perceived benefit on exercise, perceived health status, self efficacy, emotion on exercise) were significantly higher than those of control group $\ulcorner$F=32.09(p=.001), F=5.07(p=.029), F=20.63 (p=.001), F=30.38(p=.001)$\lrcorner$. As a result of this study, the effect of strength training exercise program with Leg. Press had improved muscle strength, muscle endurance, IADL, and the perception of self esteem, physical and funtional state, and economical state. Thus strength training program could be beneficially applied for the prevention of disablity and promotion of health and wellbeing in the aged easily and safely. The subjects in the experimental group have maintained their exercises till six months after the cessation of the experiment. This seem to illustrate that changes in cognitive perceptual variables and the improvement in health status have reinforced motivation for the continuation of voluntary exercises. A further study is necessary to determine the factors affecting maintainance of muscle strength exercise and to assess the effect of weight training program on bone density.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.454-468
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• 2019

Background: Supporting the elderly population is presented as a social issue, and it affects age discrimination, which forms a negative perception and avoids the elderly. Since age discrimination lowers the quality of life of the elderly and hinders social unity, it may be important to research related factors. This study examined the physical function as a factor that influences discrimination experiences and aimed to identify the relationship between physical function factors and discrimination experiences. Methods: In this study, we analyzed 20,225 elderly from the 2014 and 2017 survey of living conditions and welfare needs of Korean older persons, conducted nationwide among older than 65 years. Physical function factors are activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, sight discomfort, hearing discomfort, chewing discomfort, and leg strength as factors of interest. We performed multivariable logistic regression that reflected survey characteristics, adjusting for socio-demographic factors, health related factors, and social-support factors. Results: The number of elderly who faced discrimination experiences was 1,175 (5.8%). The results showed that the odds ratio of facing a discrimination experience in the dependent group was significantly higher compared to the independent group when being transferring out of the room (4.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50-10.88) and difficulty in hearing (1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.49). Even with respect to chewing ability, which was significant in models 1 and 2, they face more discrimination experiences (1.30; 95% CI, 1.11-1.53). Conclusion: These research results indicate that an important strategy for preventing age discrimination is to understand the physical function conditions of the elderly and promote the physical functions of the elderly related to transferring, hearing, and chewing; it is necessary to develop a practical intervention plan that considers these aspects.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.199-214
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• 1996

노인들의 인지기능과 우울에 관련이 있는 요인을 알아보기 위해 대전시 및 대전시의 인근지역의 노인들 729명을 대상으로 MMSE 및 GDS를 이용한 면접조사를 실시하고 자료를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사대상군의 인지기능은 정상이 56.8%, 치매가 의심되는 경도장애가 24.1%, 치매가 거의 확실 한 중증의 장애가 19.1%로 나타났으며, 인지기능에 장애가 심할수록 우울의 정도가 증가하였다. 2. 연령이 증가함에 따라 인지기능은 감소하였으며, 남자보다는 여자에서 인지기능 및 우울증상의 정도가 높게 나타났다. 3. 연령의 효과를 보정한 후 인지기능 장애여부에 관련이 있는 요인은 성, 배우자 유무, 교육정도, 과거직업, 도구적 일상생활능력, 규칙적 운동, 외출빈도와 신체적 증상 중 흉부통중, 시력 및 청력장애, 어지러움증이었다. 4. 연령효과를 보정한 후에 유의한 관련성이 있는 변수를 이용한 회귀모형에서 도구적 일상생활 능력, 연령, 시력장애, 성, 집밖 외출의 요인이 통계적 유의성을 보였다. 5. 단계적 회귀분석을 통해 우울점수에 유의한 관련성을 보인 변수는 교육수준, 집밖 외출과 직업 활동 및 집안일의 참여, 규칙적 운동, 도구적 일상생활능력, 주관적으로 평가한 본인의 건강과 영양상태, 신체적 증상으로 어지러움증, 시력장애 및 흥부통증이었다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 조사대상 노인들에 있어서 인지 기능과 우울에 관련성이 높은 주된 특성은 신체적 활동 능력과 주관적으로 평가된 건강상태라고 볼 수 있다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.56-67
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• 1996

Objectives : This study was designed to find clinical factors that could be differentiated by the lateralization of lesion and also find clinical factors to predict the lateralization of lesion. Methods : The subjects were 65 cooperative inpatients and outpatients with non-traumatic subcortical cerebrovascular disease without neurologic and psychiatric history from January 1995 to September 1995 ; 48 patients in Kyung Hee University, Oriental Medicine Hospital, 35 patients in Anam Hospital, Korea University were examined as subjects, but authors excluded 20 patients whose data were incomplete or who had uncertain lesions on brain CT or MRI. The 65 patients were divided into three groups-group with left hemispheric lesion, group with right hemispheric lesion, group with both hemispheric lesion-according to the finding of brain imaging study. Their cognitive functions were evaluated by the Benton Neuropsychological Assessment(BNA), their subjective neurobehavioral symptoms by Symptom Check List-90-R(SCL-90-R), their objective neurobehavioral symptoms by Neurobehavioral Rating Scale, and their daily living functions by Geriatric Evaluation by Relative's Rating Instrument(GERRl) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale(IADLs). Results : The results were as follows : 1) The results of cognitive function test indicated that the group with right hemispheric lesion showed low functions in Tactile Form Perception(left), the group with left hemispheric lesion showed low functions in Finger localization(right), the group with right hemispheric lesion showed low functions in Finger Localization(left). 2) Though, there were little significant differences in subjective neurobehavioral symptoms, the group with right hemispheric lesion showed higher scores in all symptoms except hostility. 3) Though, there were little significant differences in objective neurobehavioral symptoms, the group with both hemispheric lesion showed higher scores in cognition, guilty/disinhibition, the group with left hemispheric lesion showed higher scores in lability of mood, the group with right hemispheric lesion showed highest scores in psychotism, neurotism, agitation-hostility and decreased motivation/emotional withdrawal. 4) There were little significant differences among three groups in Daily Living Functions, but the group with right hemispheric lesion showed the lowest functions in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. 5) As a result of discriminant analysis on each factor's contribution to the prediction of lesion, Finger Localization(left), Phoneme Discrimination and Tactile Form Perception(right) showed that they had the potentiality to predict lesion. Conclusion : The results suggest that there are little significant differences among the groups of three non-traumatic subcortical cerebrovascular disease in cognitive functions, but the group with right hemispheric lesion showed more serious and various changes in subjective and objective neurobehavioral symptoms, and showed low functions in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. This results suggest the possibility that the decline of the daily living function in the group with right hemispheric lesion were due to various symptoms, not due to cognitive dysfunction. The confirmation of the possibility should be worked out through the follow-up study of some groups containing cortical lesion. Apart from these findings, Finger Localization, Tactile Form Perception(right) and Phoneme Discrimination suggest that they can be used as clinically valuable cognitive parameters that predict the lateralization of lesion in non-traumatic cerebrovascular disease.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2008

Purpose: This study investigated various factors relatied to wandering behavior of Korean elders with dementia (KED). Methods: A sample of 160 ambulatory residents with dementia from 14 long term care facilities was used to examine demographic, individual, cognitive, physical health, and environmental characteristics by comparing wanderers (N=108) to nonwanders (N=52). Subjects were evaluated by Korean versions of the Mini-mental State Exam (K-MMSE), the Physical and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-PIADL), and the Revised Algase Wandering Scale Nursing Home version (KRAWS-NH) along its six dimensions. Demographic and environmental data were also obtained. Independent sample t-tests, Chi-square test, Fisher's Exact tests, and ANCOVAs were used to examine differences between wanderers and nonwanders. Results: Wanderers were significantly (p<.05) older and had more limitations in K-PADL and K-IADL. The degree of overall wandering and certain features of wandering were significantly different (p<.05) by total number of residents in the facility, type of bedroom (i.e., "Ondol"), and color of bedroom and living-room walls (i.e., sky blue). Conclusions: Findings of this study may be useful in understanding wandering behavior of KEDs and thus developing more culturally specific management strategies.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.78-90
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to make ramyon from Korean cultured wheat by adding with hot water extract powder from safflower seed in order to add the value of it. The cooking quality, instrumental texture and sensory characteristics of ramyon were analyzed. The ramyons with 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7% of hot water extract powder(HEP) from safflower seed, control, and those with 3% and 5% of dried powder(DP) from safflower seed were compared. The yield of HEP was 7.8%. Lightness, redness, Max. weight, strength, hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and springiness were measured. As the amounts of HEP and DP was increasing, ramyons smelled stronger and was getting harder and chewier, while became less transparent and had no difference in elasticity and adhesiveness. In overall acceptability, both control and ramyon with HEP had similar points. From three important factors, appearance, color and smell to make ramyon more acceptable, addition of 0.3～0.5% of hot water extract powder from safflower seed was found to be the best. However, further studies on smells are needed to make processed foodstuffs with safflower seed.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

A new site classification system and site coefficients based on local site conditions in Korea were developed and implemented as a part of minimum design load requirements for general seismic design. The new site classification system adopted bedrock depth and average shear wave velocity of soil above the bedrock as parameters for site classification. These code provisions were passed through a public hearing process before it was enacted. The public hearing process recommended to modify the naming of site classes and adjust the amplification factors so that the level of short-period amplification is suitable for economical seismic design. In this paper, the new code provisions were assessed using dynamic centrifuge tests and by comparing the design response spectra (DRS) with records from 2016 Gyeongju earthquake, the largest earthquake in history of instrumental seismic observation in Korea. The dynamic centrifuge tests were performed to simulate the representative Korean site conditions, such as shallow depth to bedrock and short-period amplification characteristics, and the results corroborated with the new DRS. The Gyeongju earthquake records also showed good agreement with the DRS. In summary, the new code provisions are reliable for representing the site amplification characteristic of shallow bedrock condition in Korea.