• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.798-802
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• 2002

Metallurgical studies on the bonded interlayer of directionally solidified Ni-base superalloy GTD111 joints were carried out during transient liquid phase bonding. The formation mechanism of solid during solidification process was also investigated. Microstructures at the bonded interlayer of joints were characterized with bonding temperature. In the bonding process held at 1403K, liquid insert metal was eliminated by well known mechanism of isothermal solidification process and formation of the solid from the liquid at the bonded interlayer were achieved by epitaxial growth. In addition, grain boundary formed at bonded interlayer is consistent with those of base metal. However, in the bonding process held at 1453K, extensive formation of the liquid phase was found to have taken place along dendrite boundaries and grain boundaries adjacent to bonded interlayer. Liquid phases were also observed at grain boundaries far from the bonding interface. This phenomenon results in liquation of grain boundaries. With prolonged holding, liquid phases decreased gradually and changed to isolated granules, but did not disappeared after holding for 7.2ks at 1473K. This isothermal solidification occurs by diffusion of Ti to be result in liquation. In addition, grain boundaries formed at bonded interlayer were corresponded with those of base metal. In the GTD-ll1 alloy, bonding mechanism differs with bonding temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.8-15
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• 2021

Cold forging is a method in which molding is performed at room temperature. It has a high material recovery rate and dimensional precision and produces excellent surface quality, and it is mainly used for the production of bolted or housing products. The lifespan of cold forging molds is generally determined by the wear of the mold, plastic deformation of the mold, and fatigue strength. Cold forging molds are frequently damaged due to fatigue destruction rather than wear and plastic deformation in a high-temperature environment as it is molded at room temperature without preheating the raw material and mold. Based on the results analyzed through FEM, an effective mold structure design method was proposed by analyzing the changes in tensile and compressive stresses on molds according to the number of molds and reinforcement rings and comparing the product geometry and mold stress using three existing mold models.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

Mechanical properties and hardness distributions in arc brazed joints of Dual phase steel using Cu-Al insert metal were investigated. The maximum tensile shear load was 10.4kN at the highest brazing current. It was about 54% compared to tensile load of base metal. This joint efficiency is higher than that of joint of DP steel using Cu-based filler metals which are Cu-Si, Cu-Sn. Fracture positions can be divided into two types. Crack initiation commonly occurred at three point junction among upper sheet, lower sheet and the fusion zone. However crack propagations were different with increasing the brazing current. In case of the lower current, it instantaneously propagated along with the interface between fusion zone and upper base material. On the other hand, in case of higher current, a crack propagation occurred through fusion zone. When the brazing current is low (60, 70A), the interface shape is flat type. However the interface shape is rough type, when the brazing current is high (80A). It is thought that the interface shapes were the reason why the crack propagations were different with brazing current. The interface was the intermetallic compounds which consisted of $(Fe,Al)_{0.85}Cu_{0.15}$ IMC formed by crystallization at $1200^{\circ}C$during cooling. Therefore the maximum tensile shear load and the fracture behavior were determined by a interface shape and effective sheet thickness of the fracture position.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.970-977
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• 1999

Effect of Mo interlayer on the relaxation of residual stress in AlN/Cu pint bonded by active-metal brazing method was investigated. The stress analyses by finite-element-method, the measurement of pint strength and the observation of fracture surface were carried out and their results were compared with each other. From the results of stress analysis it is confirmed that a Mo interlayer led to a shift of maximum stress concentration site from AlN/insert-metal interface$\rightarro$ insert-metal/Mo$\rightarro$Mo interlayer. Additionally, with increase of the Mo interlayer thickness the stress concentration with tensile component was separately built both at the interface of Cu/Mo and AlN/Mo. whereby the residual stress in the free surface of AlN close to the bonded interface was drastically reduced. The AlN/Mo/Cu pints with Mo interlayer thickness of above 400$\mu\textrm{m}$ showed the strengths higher than 200 MPa. upto max. 275 MPa, while the AlN/Cu pint only max. 52 MPa.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.248-253
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• 2015

Background: Scapular notching can happen at diverse location depending on implant design or operative technique, therefore, it is easily misdiagnosed. Thus, this study purposed to suggest a method helpful to assess scapular notching. Methods: The subjects were 73 cases of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) for cuff tear arthropathy during the period from May 2009 to April 2014 and followed-up for over a year. There was medialized RSA in 22 cases, bone increased offset RSA (BIO-RSA) in 36 cases, and metal increased offset RSA (metal-RSA) in 15 cases. Scapular notching was not determined by bone defect at the inferior of glenosphere as Sirveaux's classification, but scapular notching at the site where the rotational route of the polyethylene of humeral implant met the scapular neck were examined. The results were compared with conventional method. Results: By conventional method, scapular notching was observed in 10 cases (45.5%) in medialized RSA, 12 cases (33.3%) in BIO-RSA, and none in metal-RSA. By new method, it was observed in 9 cases (40.9%) in medialized RSA, 10 cases (27.8%) in BIO-RSA, and none of metal-RSA. The site of scapular notching was apart from glenoshpere in 18 cases, and at inferior of glenosphere in 1 case. Absorption of bone graft was observed in 4 (11.1%) out of 36 cases of BIO-RSA. Conclusions: It is hard to distinguish scapular notching from absorption of bone graft in BIO-RSA, and bone absorption at the lateral lower end of glenoid in medialized RSA. Thus, it is considered useful to assess scapular notching at the site where the rotational route of the polyethylene insert meets scapular neck.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.52-58
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of bonding temperature and heating rate on transient liquid phase diffusion bonding of Ni-base superalloy. The heating rate was varied by $0.1^{\circ}C$/sec, $1^{\circ}C$/sec, $10^{\circ}C$/sec to the bonding temperatures $1100^{\circ}C,\;1150^{\circ}C,\;1200^{\circ}C$ under vacuum. As bonding temperature increased, maximum dissolution width of base metal increased, but a dissolution finishing time decreased. The eutectic width of insert metal in the bonded interlayer decreased linearly in proportion to the square root of holding time during isothermal solidification stage. The bonding temperature was raised, isothermal solidification rate slightly increased. As the heating rate decreased and the bonding temperature increased, the completion time of dissolution after reaching bonding temperature decreased. When the heating rate was very slow, the solidification proceeded before reaching bonding temperature and the time required for the completion of isothermal solidification became reduced.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.93-98
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• 2002

The effect of bonding misfit on single crystallization of transient liquid phase (TLP) bonded joints of single crystal superalloy CMSX-2 was investigated using MBF-80 insert metal. The bonding misfit was defined by (100) twist angle (rotating angle) at bonded interface. TLP bonding of specimens was carried out at 1523K for 1.8ks in vacuum. The post-bond heat treatment consisted of the solution and sequential two step aging treatment was conducted in the Ar atmosphere. The crystallographic orientation analysis across the TLP bonded joints was conducted three dimensionally using the electron back scattering pattern (EBSP) method. EBSP analyses f3r the bonded and post bonded heat treated specimens were conducted. All bonded joints had misorientation centering around the bonded interface for as-bonded and post-bond heat treated specimens with rotating angle. The average misorientation angle between both solid phases in bonded interlayer was almost identical to the rotating angle at bonded interface. HRTEM observation revealed that the atom arrangement of both solid phases in bonded interlayer was quite different across the bonded interface. It followed that grain boundary was formed in bonded interface. It was confirmed that epitaxial growth of the solid phase occurred from the base metal substrates during TLP bonding and single crystallization could not be achieved in joints with rotating angle.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 1998

Engineering plastics have been magnified its usability due to its outstanding mechanic al, electrical and chemical properties, for example, in the area of computer, electricity, electronics, automobile, camera industry. In recent, automobile speedometer system is changing from manual operation to motor operation. All plastic gears inserted by metal shaft are used In motor operated speedometer system. Therefore, in this research, experimental investigation of the shrinkage phenomenon was executed according to various inserted depth and injection conditions. In experiments, the inserted depth was controlled as 30% and 90% of the total thickness of the plastic gear. The main parameters of injection process were selected as injection pressure, holding pressure, melt temperature, injection rate. As main results, free shrinkage rate of the test part is increased about 4 times to restricted shrinkage rate and shrinkage phenomenon against all injection conditions have a trivial effect on the test parts as conventional parts.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2023

Macular degeneration and glaucoma are representative age-related retinal diseases that rank second and third in the prevalence of retinal diseases, and are a kind of degenerative neurological disease. Irreversible visual acuity and visual field damage may occur, and the number of patients is rapidly increasing as the population ages. Since this retinal disease is a chronic disease, continuous drug treatment is required. There are various drug delivery methods for treatment, but direct injection of the drug into the intravitreal is the most effective for continuous delivery of the drug over a long period of time. In order to solidify Dexamethasone, a retinal disease treatment, and insert it into the primary intravitreal, it is important to develop a technology to miniaturize the treatment and an applicator to deliver the treatment. In this study, a mold technology was developed to integrate the cannula and hub, which are one part of applicator. In addition, surface treatment was performed on the outside of the cannula to improve the bonding strength between the cannula and the hub, and the bonding strength according to each condition was analyzed through a tensile test.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 2009

A snap ring is a kind of metal spring with open ends which can be installed into a groove to prevent lateral movement. In this study a nonlinear finite element analysis model is developed to simulate the fastening process of a snap ring connecting the constant velocity joint and the transmission. Insert load, disengage load and breakage are three important issues. They are analyzed using the developed model. The load histories of simulations are similar to those of tests and the differences of maximum load are around 10%. Bending of the entire ring and unfolding of the end section are major contributors of the fastening load. The load variations caused by the angular position of spline tooth are about 50%. Breakage is highly sensitive to the position of a snap ring.