• Animal cells and systems
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 1999

An experiment was conducted among free-ranging red-winned blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) that acquired illness-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) by consuming insect prey tainted with a dose of parathion up to 2.0 mg/kg consumer body weight. Birds quickly acquired CTA and avoided all four insect prey during a lengthy posttest without parathion. This experiment proved that organophosphate insecticide application in the field might decrease the food consumption of wild birds and may also affect the reproductive success of breeding birds. Thus, CTA acquired accidentally after eating insecticide contaminated insect prey appears to be one of the reasons for the decreasing number of breeding songbirds in North America.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1038-1046
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• 2008

This study was carried out to develop a small-sized biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the rapid identification of insecticide residues for food safety. The SPR biosensor module consists of a single 770 nm-light emitting diodes (LED) light source, several optical lenses for transferring light, a hemisphere sensor chip, photo detector, A/D converter, power source, and software for signal processing using a computer. Except for the computer, the size and weight of the sensor module are 150 (L)$\times$70 (W)$\times$120 (H) mm and 828 g, respectively. Validation and application procedures were designed to assess refractive index analysis, affinity properties, sensitivity, linearity, limits of detection, and robustness which includes an analysis of baseline stability and reproducibility of ligand immobilization using carbamate (carbofuran and carbaryl) and organophosphate (cadusafos, ethoprofos, and chlorpyrifos) insecticide residues. With direct binding analysis, insecticide residues were detected at less than the minimum 0.01 ppm and analyzed in less than 100 sec with a good linear relationship. Based on these results, we find that the binding interaction with active target groups in enzymes using the miniaturized SPR biosensor could detect low concentrations which satisfy the maximum residue limits for pesticide tolerance in Korea, Japan, and the USA.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2001

Insect pests can be controlled through direct application of insecticides. Insect control by residual protectants is relatively inexpensive and has an advantage of destroying all stages of infestations. The efficacy of control is largely determined by the concentration of insecticides to which the pest species is exposed. A reduction in the period of control in the field afforded by a specific level of a protectant indicates that resistance has developed. An increase in the level of protectant is required to maintain control, and the efficacy of currently used insecticides has been severely reduced by insecticide resistance in pest species. Development of resistance to particular insecticide varies with species because insecticide resistance is often correlated with increased levels of certain enzymes, which are cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases and esterases. Some sections of insecticide molecules can be modified by one or more of these primary enzymes. A reduction in the sensitivity of the action site of a xenobiotic also constitutes a mechanism of resistance. Acetylcholinesterase is a major target site for insecticide action, as are axonal sodium ion channels and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid receptors. Development of reduced sensitivity of these target sites to insecticides usually occurs. This review not only may contribute to a better understanding of insecticide resistance, but also illustrates the gaps still present for a full biochemical understanding of the resistance.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2001

원예작물 중 온실가루이의 발생이 가장 심한 오이를 대상작물로 선정하여 온실가루이에 대한 기존의 살충제를 이용한 화학적 방제체계를 수립하기 위하여, 중후기에 방제효과와 잔효독성, 엽중 농약 잔류량 조사, 방제횟수 절감, 농약 저항성 발달 및 오이의 수량 등 온실가루이 방제체계 확립에 필요한 기초적인 사항을 조사하였다. 조사결과 온실가루이에 대하여 가장 효과적인 살충제는 furathiocarb였고 특히 이 약제는 carbofuran으로 더욱 강력한 활성화 과정을 거치면서 온실가루이의 저항성 발달이 비교적 더디게 나타났고 따라서 방제효과가 길고 결과적으로 방제횟수도 줄이는데 기여하는 것으로 판명되었다. 이와는 달리 기존의 다른 약제들에 대해서는 합성피레스로이드계의 약제, deltamethrin, etopenprox, zetacypermethrin 등에 대해서는 저항성 발달이 빨리 나타났고, 일부 유기인계 약제, methidathion, phenthoate, profenofos 등의 경우에는 살포 후 분해가 빨리되어 약효의 상실이 빨라짐으로 인해서 결과적으로 살포회수를 늘여야하는 것으로 나타났다. 이들 기존 살충제들에 대한 저항성 온실가루이의 발생으로 방제가 곤란한 경우에 acetamiprid가 대체 약제로서 유망하였다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.314-327
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• 1992

Insecticide resistance is a serious is a serious threat to IPM, resulting in various adverse effects not to mention the loss of yield in agriculture. One approach to counter the problem is the disruption of resistance mechanisms. This can be achieved by (1) compounds which show a negative correlation with resistance at the site of action, (2) specific metabolic inhibitors which serve as synergists, or (3) a certain combination of two insecticides producing a joint action. This approach, however, requires certain precautions for the side effects may cause an increase in toxicity to mammals. Owing to the recent advances in theoretical studies on resistance management employing computer simulation and mathematical models, a few principles to reduce the risk of development of resistance have been clarified. They are helpful in designing operational strategies with regard to, for instance, insecticide doses to be applied, mode of application, and choice and nature of the insecticide(s) to be used. For restoration of insecticide susceptibility of a resistant population, reintroduction of susceptible individuals to the resistant population is feasible when certain conditions are met. Natural enemies which developed resistance to insecticides can be an important component of IPM as has been shown in the pest management in apple orchards. After all, the implementation of a successful resistance management program depends upon cooperation between different sigments of the agricutural community. Although resistance is a preadaptive phenomenon, in some cases spontaneous loss of resistance does occur without contamination by susceptible individuals. The instability of resistance in these insects implies the possible existence of a switch machanism controlling the expression of resistance gene(s). Elucidation of such a mechanism may eventually provide us with a new technical approach with which we can combat the problem of insecticide resistance.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.55-59
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• 1975

Safety study of the continuous releasing dichlorvos-resin insecticide $(Mopari^{\circledR})$ was conducted in human volunteers and domestic fowls. For the purpose, the potential hazards in using the insecticide were observed in terms of the inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity and the changes in the liver function (GOT, GPT, Alkaline phosphatase, Bilirubin, Thymol turbidity), the blood picture (RBC, WBC with differential count, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit and ESR) and the urine picture (sugar, albumin, pH and microscopic findings) in 40 healthy adult volunteers and 60 leghorn domestic fowls. In case of the human study the observation was continued for 2 months during the application of the insectiside ($1{\sim}3$ solid formulations/$30m^3$) in the living rooms of ordinary Korean dwelling houses or in the office. In the animal test, however, 1 to 5 solid formulations of the insecticide were applied in the fowl cage of $9.2m^3$ for 5 weeks. Any significant inhibition of the plasma cholinesterase activity was not observed in both the human volunteer and the fowl throughout the experimental period. And the liver function as well as the blood and urine pictures were also not changed after exposure to the vaporizing insecticide. It is considered from the result that the amount of dichlorvos released into the air by the continuous vaporizing dichlorvos-resin insecticide presents no significant hazardous effect on humans or animals in the present experimental condition.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2013

Natural zooplankton communities are composed of many different species at different trophic levels in the aquatic food web. Several researchers have reported that in mesocosm/enclosure experiments, larger cladocerans tend to be more sensitive to carbamate insecticides than smaller ones (Daphnia > Moina, Diaphanosoma > Bosmina). In contrast, results from individual-level laboratory tests have suggested that large cladoceran species are more tolerant than small species. To clarify this inconsistency, we conducted a microcosm experiment using model zooplankton communities with different species compositions, where animals were exposed to lethal (near to the 24 h LC50, concentration estimated to kill 50% of individuals within 24-h for the small cladoceran Bosmina) and lower, sublethal concentrations of carbaryl. In the experiment, population densities of the small cladocerans (Bosmina and Bosminopsis) decreased subsequent to the applications of chemical, but no impacts were observed on the large cladoceran Daphnia. Our results supported the reports of previous individual level toxicity tests, and indicated that the sensitivity of zooplankton to the insecticide was unchanged by biological interactions but the response of population can be modified by compensation of population through hatching from resting eggs and/or the persistence of insecticide in the systems.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.1183-1189
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• 2012

The KOrea Insecticide Exposure Model (KOIEM) was developed to facilitate ecological risk-based management of Korean insecticides. KOIEM, applied as a multimedia fate model, evaluates water, soil, air, and vegetation compartments based on three water-body types (streams, ditches, and ponds). Deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, was used to evaluate and create the model parameters. After exposure of both the stream and the ditch to deltamethrin, the KOIEM-predicted concentrations and the observed levels were in agreement. The model was also evaluated using the accuracy factor (AF), which was 4.32 and 0.35 for the stream and ditch, respectively. Ecological risk assessment was also performed to evaluate the application of KOIEM for four popular South Korean insecticides (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, diazinon, and permethrin). Despite the insecticides having low PECs in water, their risk quotients were typically above 1.0. Thus, KOIEM modification would be required in further studies to account for spatial variation.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.151-161
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• 1981

水畓棲息의 主要 모기 幼蟲과 기타 昆蟲의 個體群密度를 調査하기 위하여 京畿道 高揚郡 條里面 廣탄 3里의 一個 自然部落을 調査地域으로 選定하여 1980年 6月부터 9月末까지 週別로 채집을 實施하였다. 1. Culex tritaeniorhynchus 幼蟲 個體群密度의 계절적 변동은 다량의 降雨후에 급격한 증가 형상을 보였고 살충제 살포에 대해서 어느정도의 감소 영향을 받았다. 2. Anopheles sinensis 幼蟲의 個體群密度는 계절적으로 안정되어 있어 큰 변동을 나타내지 않았으며 강수량과 살충제 살포에 영향을 받지 않았다. 3. Odonata와 Ephemeroptera의 경우는 살충제 살포가 결정적인 억제 요인으로 작용하여 Odonata는 6월 중순의 첫 살포후에, Ephemeroptera는 7월 중순의 두 번째 살포후 각각 완전히 자취를 감추었고 그 후 個體群密度의 회복은 불가능 하였다. 4. Coleoptera의 個體群密度는 週別 변동이 심하였으며 이는 主로 살충제 살포에 의한 결과로 해석된다. 살충제 살포 前週와의 비교에 의한 감소율을 보면 Coleoptera는 69.5% (幼蟲 75%, 成蟲 58.3%)였고, Hemiptera의 경우는 75.5%였다. 5. 水畓에 棲息하는 planaria 1種의 個體群密度는 강수량에 영향을 받으며 살충제 살포에 對한 억제효과는 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.123-158
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• 2009

해충의 저항성발달로 야기되는 문제를 해결하기 위한 정보를 제공함으로써 향후연구를 촉진시키고자 하였다. 농약사용이 지속되는 한 저항성 발달은 필연적이라는 생각으로, 저항성발달을 지연시키기 위해 재배자가 활용할 수 있는 약제성질에 근거를 둔 약종선택, 혼용, 교호, 모자이크 처리 등 약제살포법과, 천적과 양립할 수 있는 선택성 살충제와 저항성 천적의 이용을 중심으로 한 병해충 종합관리(IPM)에 대해 고찰하였다. 저항성관리에 약종의 성질을 이용할 경우 약종별로 작용점과 mode of action(작용방식)이 같거나 다를 수 있고, 2차 해충과 함께 살충제의 활성, 잔류기간, 약제 저항성 발달에 대한 취약성도 다르다. 약제는 섭식, locomotion(거동), 비행, 교미, 포식자 회피 등에도 영향을 미치므로 종합적으로 고려하여 역교차저항성을 나타내는 살충제의 사용이 바람직하다. 농약혼용은 실제 많이 이루어지고 있고 앞으로도 그러하겠지만, 진정한 의미에서 저항성 발달 지연을 위한 혼용, 교호, 모자이크 처리법은 대립유전자의 우성도, 교차저항성, 유입(immigration), fitness 불이익 등과 함께 살충제의 작용방식과 작용점들의 차이에서 구성약제가 매우 높은 비율로 충을 죽이는 부의 교차저항성을 가진 살충제들의 채택에 대하여 논의하였다. 저항성 관리에 약제혼용의 대표적인 사례 22가지와 교호처리 사례 27가지를 표로 제시하였다. 혼용처리의 잠재적 불이익은 생물적 방제의 와해, 이차해충의 저항성발달, 고도의 저항성 개체군 선발, 다양한 살충제에 대한 교차저항성 범위 확대를 내포하고 있다. 교호처리는 살포약량을 높이거나 낮추고, 다른 대사기구를 가진 살충제를 사용하는 것도 고려되었다. 모자이크 처리는 진딧물 같이 정주성 해충인 경우에 연관없는 살충제를 교호로 다른 구역에 처리하거나, 살충제 처리한 열(列)과 그렇지 않은 것을 혼합 배치하여 저항성 발달을 지연시키거나 피해를 감소시킬 수 있다. 해충의 저항성 진화 측면에서 볼 때, 기생자와 포식자의 저항성과 선택성은 농약처리를 요하는 세대 수를 감소시키고 농약으로부터 피난처의 상보적 역할을 수행할 수 있다. 작물별, 기주별, 기생자와 포식자에게 선택성을 보이는 약제를 별도의 표로 요약하여 제시하였다. 기생자의 생존력 향상을 위해 살충제의 선택성과 선택성에 영향을 주는 내 외적 요인에 대하여 검토하였다. 농약사용 하에서 기생자를 사용하기 위해 농약에 대해 저항성이거나 내성이 있는 기생자를 검정, 채집 혹은 선발하는 것을 논의하였다. 포식자에 대한 선택독성에 영향을 미치는 요인들로 농약의 선택성, 선택성의 포장적용과 그에 미치는 요인, 포식자와 기주의 균형, 선택성을 도외시한 방제법의 문제점, 천적과 농약의 양립성 등에 대하여 논의하였다.