• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.52-59
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• 2007

Fuel injection system greatly affects the performance of a direct injection diesel engine. A common rail injection system was introduced to satisfy the stringent emission standards, low fuel consumption, and low noise in recent years. The performance of a common-rail fuel injection system is strongly influenced by the injector characteristics. The common rail injector has evolved in order to improve its injection performance. The piezo-actuated injector is more suitable for common rail injection system due to its fast response and is expected to replace current solenoid-operated injector. In this study, nonlinear mathematical models are proposed for the solenoid-operated and the piezo-actuated injectors for control applications. Based on these models, the injection rate, which is one of the most important factors for the injection characteristics, is estimated using sliding mode observer. The simulation results and the experimental data show that the proposed sliding mode observers can effectively estimate the injection timing and the injection rate for both common-rail injectors.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2001

LPG has been well known as a clean alternative fuel for vehicles. As a fundamental study on liquid phase LPG injection (hereafter LPLI) system application to heavy-duty engine, engine output and combustion performance were investigated with various operating conditions using a single cylinder engine equipped with the LPLI system. Experimental results revealed that no problems were occurred in application of the LPG fuel to heavy-duty engine, and that volumetric efficiency and engine output, by 10% approximately, were increased with the LPLI system. It was resulted from the decrease of the intake manifold temperature through liquid phase LPG fuel injection. These results provided an advantage in the decrease of the exhaust gas temperature, in the control of knocking phenomena, spark timing and compression ratio. The LPLI engine could normally operated under $\lambda$=1.5 or EGR 30% condition. The optimized swirl ratio for the heavy duty LPG engine was found around R_s$ = 2.0.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2012

Cooled EGR system is widely used to reduce NOx emissions in diesel engine. But when EGR rate was increased, combustion stability was worsened and PM level was increased. So determining optimized control point of EGR rate is important. In order to determine this point, it is important to figure out the effect of EGR system on the exhaust emissions. In this research, NOx and PM emissions were analyzed with various coolant temperature supplied to the EGR cooler at several positions such as downstream of turbocharger, upstream and downstream of DPF. Effects of some variables such as EGR rate, hot / cooled EGR and change of injection timing were estimated. And $CO_2$ emissions were measured at exhaust and intake manifold to calculate EGR rate at each engine operating condition. Also combustion analysis was performed in each engine operating conditions. In the result of this study, there was trade-off between NOx emissions and PM emissions. When EGR rate was increased, combustion pressure was decreased and COV of IMEP was increased.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1194-1205
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• 2005

The common-rail injection systems, as a new diesel injection system for passenger car, have more degrees of freedom in controlling both the injection timing and injection rate with the high pressure. In this study, a piezo-driven injector was applied to a high pressure common-rail type fuel injection system for the control capability of the high pressure injector's needle and firstly examined the piezo-electric characteristics of a piezo-driven injector. Also in order to analyze the effect of injector's needle response driven by different driving method on the injection, we investigated the diesel spray characteristics in a constant volume chamber pressurized by nitrogen gas for two injectors, a solenoid-driven injector and a piezo-driven injector, both equipped with the same injection nozzle with sac type and 5-injection hole. The experimental method for spray visualization was based on back-light photography technique by utilizing a high speed framing camera. The macroscopic spray propagation was geometrically measured and characterized in term of the spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and spray tip speed. For the evaluation of the needle response of the above two injectors, we indirectly estimated the needle's behavior with an accelerometer and injection rate measurement employing Bosch's method was conducted. The experimental results show that the spray tip penetrations of piezo­driven injector were longer, on the whole, than that of the solenoid-driven injector. Besides we found that the piezo-driven injector have a higher injection flow rate by a fast needle response and it was possible to control the injection rate slope in piezo-driven injector by altering the induced current.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.279-284
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 경제적이고, 채널 확장성이 용이하며, 다양한 성능시험에 대응이 가능한 솔레노이드 타입의 인젝터 컨트롤러를 연구 개발하고 그 성능을 평가하였다. 개발된 컨트롤러는 임베디드 시스템에 기반을 두고 있으며, 인젝터에서 고압으로 분사되는 연료의 분사 타이밍 및 분사량에 대한 정밀제어는 물론 솔레노이드의 전기적인 특성을 측정하여 인젝터의 성능평가도 가능하다. 또한, 부가적으로 인젝터의 분무 형태를 정밀하게 촬영할 수 있는 광원과 초고속 카메라의 정밀시간제어도 동시에 가능하도록 하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2016

Objective: Heparin can modulate proteins, and influence processes involved in implantation and trophoblastic development. This study aimed to assess the improvement of clinical pregnancy and implantation rates after local intrauterine injection of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Methods: A randomised case/control design was followed in women scheduled for ICSI. The study arm was injected with intrauterine LMWH during mock embryo transfer immediately following the ovum pickup procedure, while the control arm was given an intrauterine injection with a similar volume of tissue culture media. Side effects, the clinical pregnancy rate, and the implantation rate were recorded. Results: The pregnancy rate was acceptable (33.9%) in the LMWH arm with no significant reported side effects, confirming the safety of the intervention. No statistically significant differences were found in the clinical pregnancy and implantation rates between both groups (p= 0.182 and p= 0.096, respectively). The odds ratio of being pregnant after intrauterine injection with LMWH compared to the control group was 0.572 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27-1.22), while the risk ratio was 0.717 (95% CI, 0.46-1.13; p= 0.146). No statistical significance was found between the two groups in other factors affecting implantation, such as day of transfer (p= 0.726), number of embryos transferred (p= 0.362), or embryo quality. Conclusion: Intrauterine injection of LMWH is a safe intervention, but the dose used in this study failed to improve the outcome of ICSI. Based on its safety, further research involving modification of the dosage and/or the timing of administration could result in improved ICSI success rates.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2008

An object of this study is to understand the correlation between the characteristics of an engine performance and combustion characteristics, applying BD20 fuel reformed by ultrasonic energy irradiation to diesel engines. Before conducting the main experiment, an experiment was performed to determine the optimum injection timimg of reformed BD20 by ultrasonic energy irradiation. To control the duration of the ultrasonic energy irradiation, the capacity of an ultrasonic energy fuel supply system was tested with 550cc and 1100cc chambers. As the result of the analysis of the regular BD20 and reformed BD20 by ultrasonic energy irradiation, the BSFC and the Power of the reformed BD20 was improved 3% and 6%, respectively compared to those of non-irradiated BD20. When the fuel injection timing was delayed by $5^{\circ}$, the engine power was improved by 3%, and the BSFC was improved by 2%. The maximum cylinder pressure of reformed BD20 was improved by a maximum of 6% in comparison to that of regular BD20, and demonstrated a synergistic effect of 3% by delaying the injection timing $5^{\circ}$.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2005

Stringent emission regulations and increasing demands on reductions of noise and vibration of common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines lead to the advent of piezo-actuated injectors. Compared with solenoid-actuated injectors, piezo-actuated injectors generate greater force and give faster response time, resulting in more accurate and faster injections. The accurate and fast response of an injector can offer an opportunity to control the combustion process and pollutant formation. In this study, the mathematical model of a piezo-actuated injector is developed. An estimator of the injection rate of the piezo-actuated injector is designed based on this model. The sliding mode theory is applied to the estimator design in order to overcome model uncertainties. The injector model and the estimator are verified by the injection experiments in an injector test bench. The simulation and the experimental results show that the proposed sliding mode observer can effectively estimate the injection timing and the injection rate of the piezo-actuated injector.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.193-198
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• 1997

Stuttering is a movement disorder of speech-motor control characterized by inappropriate timing of lingual, labial, laryngeal, and respiratory muscles. Treatment for adult stutterers have included traditional and non-traditional behavioral and psychiatric modalities, many with good initial success but all with limited long-term benefit. Recent trials of botulinum toxin injection was somewhat favorable. In this study, the authors injected 5-8 U of botulinum toxin into the thyroarytenoid muscle bilaterally in cases of disabling stutterers. Evaluation after 4 weeks of injection, 80% of the patients was improved more than one positive scale. However, no one was improved to almostly normal range.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2004

The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine has advantage for reducing the NOx and P.M. simultaneously. Therefore, HCCI engine is receiving attention as a low emission diesel engine concept. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of combustion and exhaust emission for operating conditions in a direct injection type of HCCI engines such as supercharged and naturally aspirated using diesel fuel and additive. From the experimental result, we found that cool flame was always appeared and also it was difficult to control combustion characteristics by changing the injection timing in HCCI. In addition, at the lean air-fuel ratio and high speed range, it was observed that charging air pressure, additive or increasing intake air temperature is effective to increase combustion performance and reduce exhaust emission. We concluded that chemical reaction by the increasing intake air temperature or additive without physical improvement has limitation for reduction of exhaust emission.