• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.325-331
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• 2013

Botulinum neurotoxin(BoNT) is a protease exotoxin produced from Clostridium botulinum. It works by blocking the release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve endings causing inactivity of muscles or glands. Recently, the therapeutic use of BoNT have expanded to include a wide range of medical and dental conditions. Botulinum neurotoxin type A(BoNT/A) is used off-label in the orofacial region to treat primary and secondary masticatory and facial muscle spasm, severe bruxism, facial tics, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonias, and hypertrophy of the masticatory muscles. Local hematoma, infection, and persistent pain in the injection site are the site-of-injection side effects. Medication-related side effects are adjacent muscle weakness, slurred speech, an alteration in the character of the saliva, and severe headaches. In most cases, these complications are not persistent and bothersome. We reported a case report of a patient who had transient anterior open bite after BoNT/A injection on masseter muscles to treat the refractory myofascial pain.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2003

GX-12 is a naked DNA vaccine developed by the DongA Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Genexine for the treatment of HIV infection. This study was peformed to evaluate the biodistribution and expression of GX-12 mRNA in gonadal tissues, and to investigate the histopathological changes after the repeated intramuscular injection. GX-12 (400 $\mu\textrm{g}$/head) was injected into the left anterior tibialis once a week for four weeks. On day 1, 5, 15, 30 and 45 after the final administration, gonadal tissues (testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, penis, prostate glands, ovaries, vagina, uterus) and the injection site (muscle) were harvested and examined for the expression of mRNA by RT-PCR. In addition, histopathological examination was peformed at each time point. At the injection site, mRNA expression of GX-12 was detected only at early time points (1 ~ 15 days after injection) but not thereafter. However, in gonadal tissues, mRNA expression was not identified at all time points both in male and female rats. There were no histopathological changes in all reproductive organs and muscle. Based on these results, it is unlikely that the plasmid DNAs of GX-12 was distributed to- and expressed in gonadal tissues, suggesting that the chance of germline integration and transmission is negligible.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2017

In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a commercial vaccine stress-relieving agent (Anti VS-2 injection) to reduce the adverse effects of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination site in 120 pigs on two tested pig farms. The results showed that incidence of pig with abnormal meat, size of abnormal meat and weight of discarded abnormal meat are significantly decreased in Anti VS-2 injection-supplemented FMD vaccinated pig groups (n=60) compared to the non-supplemented FMD vaccinated pig groups (n=60) (P<0.05). And the average economic loss by discard of abnormal meat were estimated 99,382 won or 21,514 won in the non-supplemented FMD vaccinated groups or in the Anti VS-2 injection-supplemented FMD vaccinated groups, respectively, showing that the cost saving effect was 78% (77,869 won). In conclusion, it is expected to reduce the incidence and severity of abnormal meat in the FMD vaccinated pigs and to contribute not only to the reduced economic loss of pig farmers but also to the promotion of food hygiene when the Anti VS-2 injection is mixed with FMD vaccine.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.9-12
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• 2017

Recently, DNA vaccination is attracting attentions as a new therapeutic method for lifestyle diseases and autoimmune diseases. However, its clinical applications are limited because a safe and efficient gene transfer method has not been established yet. In this study, a new method of gene transfer was proposed which utilizes the jet injection and the magnetic transfection. The jet injection is a method to inject medical liquid by momentary high pressure without needle. The injected liquid diffuses in the bio tissue and the endocytosis is considered to be improved by the diffusion. The magnetic transfection is a method to deliver the conjugates of plasmid DNA and magnetic particles to the desired site by external magnetic field. It is expected that jet injection of the conjugates causes slight membrane disruptions and the traction of the conjugates by magnetic field induces the efficient gene transfer. In conclusion, the possibility of improvement of the gene expression by the combination of jet injection and magnetic transfection was confirmed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.254-257
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• 2010

Background: Epidural steroid injection is an established treatment modality for intervertebral disc prolapse to radiculopathy. In cases where two levels of radiculopathy are present, two separate injections are warranted. Herein, we present our experience of management of such cases with a single epidural injection of local anaesthetic, tramadol and methylprednisolone, and table tilt for management of both radiculopathies. Methods: 50 patients of either sex aged between 35-65 years presenting with features of cervical and lumbar radiculopathic pain were included and were subjected to single lumbar epidural injection of local anaesthetic, tramadol and methylprednisolone, in the lateral position. The table was then tilted in the trendelberg position with a tilt of 25 degrees, and patients were maintained for 10 minuted before being turned supine. All patients were administered 3 such injections with an interval of 2 weeks between subsequent injections, and pain relief was assessed with a visual analogue scale. Immediate complications after the block were assessed. Results: Immediate and post procedural complications observed were nausea and vomiting (20%), painful injection site (4%), hypotension (10%) and high block (4%). Pain relief was assessed after the three injections by three grades: 37 (74%) had complete resolution of symptoms; 18% had partial relief and 8% did not benefit from the procedure. Conclusions: This technique may be used as an alternative technique for pain relief in patients with unilateral cervical and lumbar radiculopathies.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.54-58
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• 1998

The stability of ceftriaxone sodium 100 mg/ml in the water for injection was tested at two temperature conditions (refrigerator and room temperature) and two storage containers (vitro and syringe). The stability of each sample was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography while storing for 5 days at room temperature and 27 days at refrigerator. The concentration of ceftriaxone sodium was 100 mg/ml which the hospital usually use as a filling preparation for I.V. push or Y-site injection. There was no significant difference between the storage in vials and syringes. There was no significant difference in the change of concentration until storing the reconstituted ceftriaxone sodium injection for 2 days at room temperature and 14 days at refrigerator. In conclusion, the ceftriaxone sodium 100 mg/ml in the water for injection can be stored in vial or syringe for 2 days at room temperature and 14 days at refrigerator after preparation.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.377-386
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• 2020

Background: To compare pain perception during palatal injection administration in children aged 7-9 years while using pre-cooling of the injection site versus application of topical anesthesia as a pre-injection anesthetic during the six months. Method: A prospective randomized split-mouth crossover trial was conducted among 30 children aged 7-9 years, who received topical application of either a pencil of ice (test group) or 5% lignocaine gel (control group) for 2 min before injection. The primary and secondary outcome measures were pain perception and child satisfaction, measured by the composite pain score and the faces rating scale, respectively. Unpaired t-test was performed to determine significant differences between groups. Results: The test group had significantly lower pain scores for self-report and behavioral measures (P < 0.0001). The changes in physiological parameters at the baseline (P = 0.74) during (P = 0.37) and after (P = 0.88) the injection prick were not statistically significant. Children felt better by the pre-cooling method (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Ice application using a pencil of ice for 2 min reduced pain perception significantly compared to the use of a topical anesthetic. Moreover, ice application was preferred by children.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.437-442
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• 2022

Background: Propofol is a short-acting intravenous sedative widely used for procedural sedation and general anesthesia. However, pain during propofol injection is a distressing adverse effect. This study was designed to investigate whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) could reduce pain during propofol injection compared to sham TENS. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, 80 patients were allocated to two groups: the active TENS group received electrical stimulation via two electrodes on the venous cannulation site, whereas the sham TENS group received no stimulus. After 20 min following TENS, propofol 0.5 mg/kg pain was injected intravenously and pain was evaluated using a four-point score (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Adverse effects associated with TENS were also recorded. Results: The overall incidence of pain during propofol injection was 47.5% in the TENS group and 87.5% in the sham group (P < 0.001). The incidence of moderate pain was significantly lower in the TENS group (7.5%) than in the sham TENS group (42.5%) (P < 0.001). There were no complications associated with TENS. Conclusion: Pre-treatment with TENS significantly reduced the incidence and intensity of pain during propofol injection.

• Clinical Pain
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2021

Sciatic nerve can be injured by various mechanism such as compression, traction during surgery, and direct trauma. This case reports a sciatic neuropathy caused by compression due to hematoma occurring after intramuscular injection in the gluteus medius muscle far from the nerve. In order to avoid occurrence of sciatic neuropathy after buttock injection, the injection was made in the upper outer quadrant of the buttock, but sciatic neuropathy occurred. Sciatic neuropathy can be confused with lumbar radiculopathy, so differential diagnosis is important.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to calculate the radius of influence (ROI) of well for an air-sparging (AS)/soil vapor extraction (SVE) system and to evaluate the applicability of the system applied for the remediation of the petroleum contaminated rail site. For air permeability test, three monitoring wells were installed at a location of 1.3 m, 2.3 m, 3.0 m from the extraction well. And the pressure of each monitoring well was measured by extracting air from the extraction well with the pressure and flow of $(-)2,600mmH_2O$ and $1.58m^3/min$. The ROI for an extraction well was calculated as 4.31 m. Air was injected into the injection well with the pressure and flow of $3,500mmH_2O$ and $0.6m^3/min$ to estimate the radius of influence for oxygen transfer. Oxygen concentrations of air from three monitoring wells were measured. The ROI of an injection well for oxygen transfer was calculated as 3.46 m. The 28 extraction wells and 19 injection wells were installed according to the ROI calculated. The AS/SVE system was operated eight hours a day for five months. The rail site was contaminated with the petroleum and concentrations of benzene, toluene, and xylene were over the 'Worrisome Standard' of the 'Soil Environment Conservation Act'. The contaminated area was estimated as $732m^2$ and contaminants were dispersed up to (-)3 m from the ground. During the operation period, soil samples were collected from 5 points and analyzed periodically. With the AS/SVE system operation, concentrations of benzene, toluene, and xylene were decreased from 7.5 mg/kg to 2.0 mg/kg, from 32.0 mg/kg to 23.0 mg/kg, from 35.5 mg/kg to 23.0 mg/kg, respectively. The combined AS/SVE system applied to the rail site contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhibited a high applicability. But the concentration of contaminants in soil were fluctuated due to the heterogeneous of soil condition. Also the effect of the remediation mechanisms was not clearly identified.