• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.135-141
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• 1997

The early studies demonstrated that the relative amount of FSH was important for stimulating normal ovarian activity and demonstrated the existence of a threshold level for FSH, above which follicular growth was activated. It was found that only a modest increase in circulating FSH level above the threshold (between 10 and 30%) was required to stimulate folliculogenesis. In addition, FSH is primary responsible for initiating estradiol production through the activation of the aromatase enzyme system in granulosa cells, follicular secretion and growth. LH on the other hand, plays a supportive role in ovarian steroidogenesis, stimulating the ovarian thecal cells to produce androgen, the precursor for estradiol synthesis. But there is now an increasing number of reports in the literature demonstrating an adverse effect of LH on fertility and miscarriage in infertile and fertile women. So HP-FSH is the drug of a highly purified FSH preparation which has a higher specific activity and far fewer impurities than FSH. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HP-FSH administered (SC; subcutaneous) versus FSH(IM; intramuscular) for ovulation induction. 20 candidates patients for ovulation induction were participated. All patients underwent pituitary desensitizing with a long gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist protocol and ovulation induction was started with HP-FSH SC (10 patients; group I) or FSH IM (10 patients; group II). After ovulation, outcome of ovulation induction and local reaction of injection site were compared. There were no difference of outcome of ovulation in two groups except pregnancy rate/embryo transfer. Group I had a higher pregnancy rate/ embryo transfer than Group II (44.4% Vs 28.6%). Pain, redness, tenderness, bruising and itching when the injection received on the first 5 days of treated (50 SC and 50 IM injections) were assessed. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) in the incidence of tenderness, bruising and itching between the IM and SC injection. But IM injection (FSH) had a tendency of higher above incidence. The number of reports of pain, redness were significantly increased in IM injection group (P<0.05). These results indicate that SC administration of HP-FSH has been shown to be as effect for superovulation as traditional gonadotropins, with an improved safety profile due to the removal of extaneous proteins.

• 천문학회지
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• 제29권spc1호
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• pp.253-254
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• 1996

To understand the dynamical structures of stellar wind bubble, one and two-dimensional calculations has been performed. Using FCT Code with cooling effects and assuming constant mass loss rate and ambient medium density, we could divide stellar winds into the regime of slow and fast winds. The slow wind driven bubble shows initially radiative and becomes partially radiative bubble in which shocked stellar wind zone is still adiabatic. In contrast., the fast wind driven bubble shows initially fully adiabatic and becomes adiabatic bubbles with radiative outer shell. We also determine analytically the onset of thin-shell formation time in case of fast wind driven bubble with power-law energy injection and ambient density structure. We solve the line transfer problem with numerical results in order to calculate line profile of [OIII] forbidden line.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.764-769
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• 2001

Recently, according to increase in the requirement of electric power, a thermoelectric power plant equipped with pulverized coal combustion system is highly valued, because coal has abundant deposits and a low price compared with others. For efficient use of coal fuel, most of plant makers are studying to improve combustion performance and flame stability, and reduce pollutant emission. One of these studies is how to control the profile of particle injection and velocity dependant on coal nozzle. Basically, a mixed flow of gas and particle in coal nozzle is required to have appropriate injection and concentration distribution at exit to achieve flame stability and low pollutant, but it is very difficult to obtain that without help of a coal separating device within nozzle. In this study, each distribution of air and coal flow rate is measured for the coal nozzle with coal separator developed by us. The coal concentration at exit is various according to inlet swirl values and positions of coal separator. Also pressure drop is measured for various operating conditions of this nozzle. From these results, we can find the separation characteristic of new developed coal separator, and select proper operation range of coal nozzle. When this coal nozzle is applied to actual plant, these investigations will be very useful to confirm the shape of coal separator to have efficient particle injection.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2006

Wet etching process in recent semiconductor manufacturing is devided into batch and single wafer type. Batch type wet etching process provides more throughput with poor etching uniformity compared to single wafer type process. Single wafer process achieves better etching uniformity by boom-swing injected chemical on rotating wafer. In this study, etching characteristics of $SiO_2$ layer at room and elevated temperature is evaluated and compared. The difference in etching rate and uniformity of each condition is identified, and the temperature profile of injected chemical is theoretically calculated and compared to that of experimental result. Better etching uniformity is observed with single wafer tool with boom-swing injection compared to single wafer process without boom-swing or batch type tool.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.386-393
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• 2007

This paper studies the ventilation characteristics according to the jet fan location at the long road tunnel using the CFD software 'FLUENT' which is based on the finite volume method. The tunnel model used in the analysis has a length of 1600m, a cross sectional area of $120m^3$, and is composed of 3 lanes and one way. The velocity profile, the distribution of CO concentration and the ventilation flow rate within the tunnel are analyzed, respectively. In the analysis, it is found that the dependence of the ventilation flow rate upon the jet fan location is small, but the CO concentration in the tunnel is at the lowest when the jet fans are installed near the tunnel outlet. An air stream right below the jet fan is almost inactive due to the strong stream injection near the jet fan. Thus, the pollution level below the jet fan must be higher than the other area.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.47.1-47.10
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• 2021

Background: Due to multiple similarities in the structure and physiology of human and pig skin, the pig model is extremely useful for biological drug testing after subcutaneous administration. Knowledge of the differences between subcutaneous injection sites could have a significant impact on the absorption phase and pharmacokinetic profiles of biological drugs. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the impact of administration site on pharmacokinetics and selected biochemical and hematological parameters after a single subcutaneous administration of ustekinumab in pigs. Drug concentrations in blood plasma were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed based on raw data using Phoenix WinNonlin 8.1 software and ThothPro v 4.1. Methods: The study included 12 healthy, female, large white piglets. Each group received a single dose of ustekinumab given as a 1 mg/kg subcutaneous injection into the internal part of the inguinal fold or the external part of the inguinal fold. Results: The differences in absorption rate between the internal and external parts of the inguinal fold were not significant. However, the time of maximal concentration, clearance, area under the curve calculated between zero and mean residence time and mean residence time between groups were substantially different (p > 0.05). The relative bioavailability after administration of ustekinumab into the external part of the inguinal fold was 40.36% lower than after administration of ustekinumab into the internal part of the inguinal fold. Conclusions: Healthy breeding pigs are a relevant model to study the pharmacokinetic profile of subcutaneously administered ustekinumab.

• 천문학회보
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.28.1-28.1
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• 2017

To investigate AGN outflows as a tracer of AGN feedback on the host galaxies, we perform integral-field spectroscopy of 20 type 2 AGNs at z<0.1 using the Magellan/IMACS and the VLT/VIMOS. The observed objects are luminous AGNs with the [O III] luminosity >$10^{41.5}erg/s$, and exhibit strong outflow signatures in the [O III] kinematics. We obtain the maps of the narrow and broad components of [O III] and $H{\alpha}$ lines by decomposing the emission-line profile. The broad components in both [O III] and $H{\alpha}$ represent the non-gravitational kinematics, (i.e., gas outflows), while the narrow components represent the gravitational kinematics (i.e., rotational disks), especially in $H{\alpha}$. By using the spatially integrated spectra within the flux-weighted size of the narrow-line region, we estimate the outflow energetics. The ionized gas mass is $(1.0-38.5){\times}10^5M_{\odot}$, and the mean mass outflow rate is $4.6{\pm}4.3M_{\odot}/yr$, which is a factor of ~260 higher than the mean mass accretion rate $0.02{\pm}0.01M_{\odot}/yr$. The mean energy injection rate is $0.8{\pm}0.6%$ of the AGN bolometric luminosity Lbol, while the mean momentum flux is $(5.4{\pm}3.6){\times}L_{bol}/c$, except for two most kinematically energetic AGNs. The estimated energetics are consistent with the expectations for energy-conserving outflows from AGNs, yet we do not find any supporting evidence of instantaneous star-formation quenching due to the outflows.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.38-49
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• 2023

Background/Aims: Patients with Barrett's esophagus are at increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic therapies aim to eradicate dysplastic and metaplastic tissues. Hybrid argon plasma coagulation (hybrid-APC) utilizes submucosal fluid injection to create a protective cushion prior to ablation that shields the submucosa from injury. We performed a pooled meta-analysis to evaluate the safety and efficacy of hybrid-APC. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of major electronic databases in April 2022. Studies that included patients with dysplastic and non-dysplastic Barrett's esophagus undergoing treatment with hybrid-APC were eligible for inclusion. Outcome measures included complete remission of intestinal metaplasia (CR-IM), stricture formation, serious adverse events, and number of sessions necessary to achieve CR-IM. Results: Overall pooled CR-IM rate for patients undergoing hybrid-APC was 90.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.872-0.939; I²=0%). Pooled stricture rate was 2.0% (95% CI, 0.005-0.042; I²=0%). Overall serious adverse event rate was 2.7% (95% CI, 0.007-0.055; I²=0%). Conclusions: Results of the current meta-analysis suggest that hybrid-APC is associated with high rates of CR-IM and a favorable safety profile. Interpretation of these results is limited by the inclusion of retrospective cohort and case series data. Randomized controlled trials that standardize treatment and outcome evaluation protocols are necessary to understand how this treatment option is comparable to the current standards of care.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.82-91
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• 2010

그라우팅 공법은 지하 내 구조물을 건설 시 유입되는 지하수를 억제하거나 암반의 강도를 증대시킬 목적으로 널리 이용되는 암반 개량공의 일종이다. 암반 내 불연속면을 따라 유동하는 그라우트의 유동 특성을 파악하는 것은 이러한 그라우팅 설계 및 그 효과를 예측하는데 필수적이다. 기존의 그라우트 유동 연구에서 그라우트 유동을 층류 유동으로 가정해 왔으나, 마이크로 스케일의 간극을 가지는 좁은 절리 틈새 내에서의유체 유동은 절리 거칠기의 영향을 받아 유동의 속도 단면이 거칠기 부분에서 변하기 때문에 일반적인 층류유동으로 모사하는 데 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 거칠기를 가지는 절리 내의 그라우트 유동에 절리 거칠기와 간극이 미치는 영향을 수치해석을 이용하여 조사하였다. 수치해석을 위해 전산유체유동해석 코드인 FLUENT 코드를 이용하였으며 FLUENT 코드에서 제공하는 Herschel-Bulkely 모델과 VOF(volume of fluid) 모델을 적용하여 물과 공기로 채워진 좁은 절리 틈새 내의 그라우트 유동을 모사하였다. 모사된 결과를 그라우트 유동을 위해 제시된 분석해와 기존의 실험실 그라우트 주입 실험 결과와 비교하여 FLUENT 코드의 적합성을 검증하였다. JRC와 간극 변화에 따라 일정 그라우트 주입량 유지에 필요한 주입압을 계산함으로써 마이크로 스케일의 절리 틈새 내 그라우트 유동시 채널 벽면의 거칠기 및 채널 간극의 영향을 정량화하였다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.76-81
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• 2018

Objective: This study compared the safety and efficacy of $Safacto^{(R)}$ versus $xyntha^{(R)}$ in patients with severe hemophilia A. Methods: Thirty-three male patients with severe hemophilia A were randomly divided into two groups. Seventeen patients received $Safacto^{(R)}$ and 16 patients received $Xyntha^{(R)}$ for four consecutive times. The dosage of FVIII was 40-50 IU/kg for each injection. Plasma level of FVIII activity was evaluated before every injection, 15 minutes after the injection and one month after the start of the trial. The rate of factor VIII activity, pain and joint motion were also assessed before and after the treatment. Results: Plasma level of FVIII clotting activity in $Safacto^{(R)}$ and $Xyntha^{(R)}$ were $1.96{\pm}0.5IU/dl$ and $1.63{\pm}0.5IU/dl$ and increased to $88.84{\pm}25.2IU/dl$ and $100.09{\pm}17.8IU/dl$, respectively (P<0.001). Pain score and range of motion improvement were $9.3{\pm}0.9$ and $8.7{\pm}0.1$ in $Safacto^{(R)}$ (P=0.17); and $9.4{\pm}0.8$ and $8.8{\pm}0.3$ in $Xyntha^{(R)}$ (P=0.35), respectively. No allergic or other unfavorable reactions was observed with either of the preparations. Conclusion: This study showed that $Safacto^{(R)}$ has a favorable efficacy and safety profile.