• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.195-203
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• 2004

4-Tert-Octylphenol (OP) is a surfactant additive widely used in the manufacture of a variety of detergents and plastic products. OP can disrupt endocrine function in humans and animals. This study was carried out to obtain toxicokinetic parameters of OP in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Male rats were administered with OP by single oral application of 200 mg/kg body weight. Blood, urine and tissues samples were taken at several time intervals after administration. Analysis of samples for OP was performed by column-switching high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, we exam-ined tissue distribution and accumulation of OP after single oral application of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, single intravenous injection of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg or daily application of 50 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. After single oral administration of 200 mg/kg, Cmax of 213 $\pm$ 123 ng/ml was reached within the first 1.3 hr (Tmax) in the plasma. AUC was calculated for 1,333$\pm$484 ngㆍhr/ml. The final elimination half-life of plasma was longer than that of urine, but urinary clearance was lower than oral. A very small fraction of OP (Fe < 0.0017%) was excreted in urine within 24 hr. These results indicated that the major excretion route of OP was not urine. The mean maximal tissue distribution of OP was obserbed at 6 hr after treatment and slowly decreased time-dependently. High OP concentrations were detected in fat at 24 hr. The OP in fat was slowly released with longer elimination half-life and lower clearance than that of other tissues. OP was not accumulated in the liver following single oral application but 14-day oral treatments resulted in two-fold accumulation. It was probably due to the saturation of detoxification pathways. On the other hand, the mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 isoforms except CYP2C11 was not affected by OP at any dose. The expression of CYP2C11 mRNA decreased in a dose-dependent manner. This result suggests that OP changes expression of the male-specific cytochrome P450 isoforms in rat liver, and these changes are closely related to the toxic and estrogenic effect of OP.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.519-525
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• 2016

To investigate the potential role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}1$ in liver fibrosis during Echinococcus granulosus infection, 96 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 2 groups, experimental group infected by intraperitoneal injection with a metacestode suspension and control group given sterile physiological saline. The liver and blood samples were collected at days 2, 8, 30, 90, 180, and 270 post infection (PI), and the expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ mRNA and protein was determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. We also evaluated the pathological changes in the liver during the infection using hematoxylin and eosin (H-E) and Masson staining of the liver sections. Pathological analysis of H-E stained infected liver sections revealed liver cell edema, bile duct proliferation, and structural damages of the liver as evidenced by not clearly visible lobular architecture of the infected liver, degeneration of liver cell vacuoles, and infiltration of lymphocytes at late stages of infection. The liver tissue sections from control mice remained normal. Masson staining showed worsening of liver fibrosis at the end stages of the infection. The levels of TGF-${\beta}1$ did not show significant changes at the early stages of infection, but there were significant increases in the levels of TGF-${\beta}1$ at the middle and late stages of infection (P<0.05). RT-PCR results showed that, when compared with the control group, TGF-${\beta}1$ mRNA was low and comparable with that in control mice at the early stages of infection, and that it was significantly increased at day 30 PI and remained at high levels until day 270 PI (P<0.05). The results of this study suggested that increased expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ during E. granulosus infection may play a significant role in liver fibrosis associated with E. granulosus infection.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.136-141
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 옥내 조명 설비의 전원을 ON/OFF 하기 위해 사용되는 저압용 스위치의 구조 및 발열 메커니즘을 제시하고, 에너지원의 종류에 따라 스위치의 고정금구 및 가동 접점 등의 소손패턴을 제시함으로써 향후 예상되는 PL 분쟁의 판단 근거를 확보하는데 있다. 스위치에 인가된 일반 화염은 한국산업규격(KS)의 난연성 시험 방법을 적용하였다. 또한 스위치에 공급된 전류는 대전류공급장치(PCITS)를 이용하였다. 실험이 진행될 때 주위의 온도는 $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, 습도는 40~60%를 유지시켰다. 스위치의 발열은 배선과 클립의 접속 불량, 가동 접점의 절연 열화 및 접촉 불량 등에 의해서 생성되는 것으로 판단된다. 일반 화염에 의해 소손된 스위치는 표면이 균일하게 탄화되었으며, 화원을 제거하면 자연 소화되었다. 일반화염에 의해 탄화된 스위치를 분해한 결과 고정금구 및 가동 접점 등은 비교적 양호한 형태를 보였으나 외함, 클립 지지대, 가동 접점, 표시램프 등에서 탄화 및 변색을 확인할 수 있었다. 과전류에 의해 소손된 스위치는 배선을 연결하는 클립 및 클립 지지대 등은 소손의 흔적이 거의 없으나 고정금구, 가동 접점, 표시 램프 등은 심하게 탄화되었다. 즉 접촉 저항이 큰 부분에서 집중적으로 소손되었고 내부에서 외부로 탄화가 진행되는 패턴을 나타냈다. 따라서 소손된 스위치의 탄화 패턴 및 금속 금구류의 특성을 분석하면 최초의 에너지원 판정이 가능하다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1412-1421
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• 2002

To examine the feasibility of using a sperm vector system for gene transfer, we have investigated the binding and the uptaking of foreign DNA into the sperm nucleus by PCR, in situ hybridization and LSC. We have also examined the transportation of exogenous DNA into oocytes by immunofluorescene via PCR. Sperm cells were incubated with DNA/liposome complexes (1:4 ratio) in fertilization medium with BSA or without BSA. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the transfection rate of sperm cells with and without BSA was 41 and 68% respectively, when the cells were treated with liposome/DNA complexes and 13% for DNA alone. LSC analysis showed that the binding of exogenous DNA was greatly reduced by DNase I treatment which digests DNA bound onto spermatozoa, suggesting that some of the DNA was internalized into the sperm membrane. To find out whether transfected DNA was internalized into sperm intracytomembrane, sperm DNA was amplified by inverse PCR. No PCR products were detected from sperm cells, indicating that the foreign DNA was simply bound onto the sperm membrane. To investigate transfer rates of exogenous DNA into oocytes via sperm cells, we used immunofluorescene method to follow the distribution of foreign DNA via spermatozoa: a few exogenous DNA was located in the cytoplasm of early embryos (13/60, 21.7% for DNA+/liposome+/BSA) and was not located in the pronucleus and/or nucleus. These results suggest that most of the transfected sperm cells could carry the foreign DNA into the egg by in vitro fertilization, but that the transferred DNA is degraded in the developing embryos without stable integration into the zygote genome. Therefore, we have directly injected with transfected sperm cell into oocyte cytoplasm and observed that some of the exogenous DNA was detected in preimplantation embryonic cytoplasm and expressed at preimplantation stages, suggesting that exogenous DNA in early zygote has their integrity. In this study, we have not identified a noble mechanism that interfering transportation of foreign DNA into zygote genome via spermatozoa. Our data, however, demonstrated that inverse PCR and immunofluorescene methods would be used as a new tool for follow-up of gene distribution in oocyte via sperm cells.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.619-625
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• 2017

본 연구는 조영제 주입 전 복부 검사 시 필수적으로 적용되고 있는 HASTE, HASTE(f/s), FFE(in, out)를 중심으로 두 기기에 대한 복부장기의 신호 대 잡음비(SNR; Signal to Noise Ratio)와 대조도 대 잡음비(CNR; Contrast to Noise Ratio)를 정량적으로 평가함으로서 최적의 장비선택을 알아보고자 하였다. 데이터분석은 1.5T 와 3.0T 자기공명영상기기(Philips medical system, Netherland)를 이용하여 검사한 복부영상을 무작위로 선정하여 분석을 하였다. 정량적 분석결과 간(Liver), 신장(Kidney), 비장(Spleen)에서는 1.5와 비교했을 때 3.0T가 SNR, CNR 값이 높게 나타났고(p<0.05), 위(Stomach), 복부지방(Abdominal Fat), 췌장(Pancreas)에서는 1.5T 가 높은 결과를 얻었다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 두기기별 장기에 대한 정량적 평가를 했을 때 인체의 바같 부분 조직은 전반적으로 3.0T 가 높게 나타났고 가스를 포함하여 자화율의 차이를 많이 발생시키는 안쪽부분의 장기는 1.5T 가 높은 결과를 얻었다. 이러한 결과는 환자상태에 따라 조영제를 사용하지 못하고 MRI 검사를 하는 경우 정확한 진단학적 정보를 제공하는데 가이드라인이 될 것이다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.208-221
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• 2000

The objective of this research was to compare the flushing effects using 1:1,000 diluted heparin or 0.9% normal saline in relation to needle gauge and frequency of IV medications. The comparative categories were clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis. The design of research was a Nonequivalent Control group, Post test, Nonsynchrorized Design. The independent variable was 0.9% normal saline flushing the IV locks and the dependent variables were clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis. Subjects were medical-surgical inpatients over 15 years old and with peripherally placed IVs who were hospitalized in a university medical center. Exclusion criteria included foreigners and those who were rejected for this research. The final sample for data analysis included 295 IV sites in 194 patients; 154 were in the saline group and 141 were in the heparin group. Subjects were assigned to have IV locks is flushed with 0.9% normal saline in the experimental group and to have IV lock flushed with 1:1,000 diluted heparin(100 units) in the control group. In order to increase reliability, the nurses who were assigned to the units involved in the study received an explanation on the standard method for locking an IV, recording method for observational data and criteria for the detection of phlebitis. Data were collected for a period of 2 weeks, from March 16, 2000 to March 29, 2000. Total duration of IV was defined the time of IV insertion to the time of discontinuation. Phlebitis was defined as the presence of the following : pain, swelling. erythema at the insertion site. Chi-square was used to determine the association between the degree of clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis for the diluted heparin or the normal saline and needle gauge and frequency of IV medications. The results are summarized as follows : (a) There was difference in the degree of clotting between two groups($X^2=5.882$, p=.015). (b) There was no difference in the degree of duration of patency between two groups($X^2=2.439$, p=.295). (c) There was no difference in the incidence of phlebitis between two groups($X^2=0.190$, p=.663). (d) There was difference in the degree of clotting($X^2=6.209$, p=.013) and in the degree of duration of patency($X^2=6.978$, p=.031) according the needle guage between the two groups. (e) There was difference in the incidence of phlebitis($X^2=5.008$, p=.025) according to the frequencies of IV injection between two groups.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.60-71
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• 2020

Purpose: The utility of 18-fluordesoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([¹⁸F]-FDG-PET) combined with computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in gastric cancer remains controversial and a rationale for patient selection is desired. This study aims to establish a preclinical patient-derived xenograft (PDX) based [¹⁸F]-FDG-PET/MRI protocol for gastric cancer and compare different PDX models regarding tumor growth and FDG uptake. Materials and Methods: Female BALB/c nu/nu mice were implanted orthotopically and subcutaneously with gastric cancer PDX. [¹⁸F]-FDG-PET/MRI scanning protocol evaluation included different tumor sizes, FDG doses, scanning intervals, and organ-specific uptake. FDG avidity of similar PDX cases were compared between ortho- and heterotopic tumor implantation methods. Microscopic and immunohistochemical investigations were performed to confirm tumor growth and correlate the glycolysis markers glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and hexokinase 2 (HK2) with FDG uptake. Results: Organ-specific uptake analysis showed specific FDG avidity of the tumor tissue. Standard scanning protocol was determined to include 150 μCi FDG injection dose and scanning after one hour. Comparison of heterotopic and orthotopic implanted mice revealed a long growth interval for orthotopic models with a high uptake in similar PDX tissues. The H-score of GLUT1 and HK2 expression in tumor cells correlated with the measured maximal standardized uptake value values (GLUT1: Pearson r=0.743, P=0.009; HK2: Pearson r=0.605, P=0.049). Conclusions: This preclinical gastric cancer PDX based [¹⁸F]-FDG-PET/MRI protocol reveals tumor specific FDG uptake and shows correlation to glucose metabolic proteins. Our findings provide a PET/MRI PDX model that can be applicable for translational gastric cancer research.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.146-152
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• 1994

저자들은 14명의 관상동맥질환이 의심되지 않는 건강한 젊은 남자를 대상으로 dipyridamole 부하 $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI 심근 SPECT를 시행하였다. 이를 이용하여 Cedars-Sinai방법으로 극성지도를 구하고 전체 심근을 9부분으로 나누어 각 부위의 상대적인 방사능 세기를 조사하고 분석하였다. 이와 함께 dipyridamole 부하 전후의 혈역동학적인 변화와 부작용을 알아보았다. 극성지도에서 부하기와 휴식기 모두 방사능 계수치가 가장 높은 부위는 Latero-anterior wall이었고, 가장 낮은 부위는 Infero-septal wall이었다. 부하기와 휴식기사이의 각 부위의 방사능세기는 서로간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. dipyridamole 투여후 심박수와 이완기 혈압 및 Double product는 유의한 변화를 보였다. dipyridamole에 의한 부작용은 14명 중 12명에서 나타나 비교적 높은 비율을 보였으나 중한 부작용은 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI 심근 SPECT에서 구한 극성지도에서 관상동맥질환을 판정할 때는 부위별로 혈류 저하를 판정하는 기준이 달라야만 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권2호통권70호
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• pp.93-113
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• 2007

Objective : To research Trends of studies about anti-inflammation and pain relief, obesity, and safety of herbal acupuncture therapy by analyzing domestic theses, published since 2001, about herbal acupuncture therapy. Methods : Domestic theses, published since 2001, mentioning anti-inflammation or pain relief, obesity, or safety of herbal acupuncture therapy were reviewed and analyzed. These theses were then classified by university, year, and subject. Results : The following results were obtained in this study. 1. Among published theses related to anti-inflammation effects of herbal-acupuncture, studies about arthritis comprised the most part, 52. In theses relating to causes of arthritis, 16 were about adjuvant, which was the most, followed by Type II collagen, LPS and carrageenan. Blood test, reactions of inflammation and revelation of cytokine and immune cellswere methods for evaluating anti-inflammation effect. The tendency of experimental methods was to focus on molecular biologic method. 2. In theses related to pain relief, many clinical attempts with herbal injection were carried out, and Carthami Flos and Scolopendrawere used most. Observing reduction of pain inducing factor and checking behavioral change were methods for evaluating pain relief. 3. In theses related to obesity, research focused on effects in association with spots on the body suitable for acupuncture. There were also attempts comparing effectiveness between single injections and complex injections. Astraball Radix, Angelica Gigantis Radix, Coicis Semen and Taeumjowetang were used. Evaluation of anti-obesity effects were by weight loss, food efficiency, blood lipid profile and evaluation of liver function. 4. In theses related to safety of herbal-acupuncture, Herba Chelidonii Chaenonelis Fructus, Clematis Florida Thunb, Corydalidis Tuber, Paeoniae Radix, and Carthami Flos which marked 2 theses each were most studied. Methods of evaluating safety were mostly by observing liver and kidney functions based on blood test, and by applying herbal injections to clinical treatment. Conclusion : Herbal acupuncture is being used in various ways associating with its anti-inflammation, pain relief and anti-obesity effect. Studies on efficacy and mechanism of herbal acupuncture are being conducted even at the molecular biology level.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.401-410
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• 1997

An acute pain is the common experience following surgery. Pain is a most miserable experience in person and most preoperative patients have fear o! postoperative pain. In nursing, it is very important to understand and relieve the pain of post oprative patients as much as possible. This study was designed to compare the descriptive patterns of pain between group of Patient Controlled Analgesia and group of traditional Muscular Injection in surgcal patients. This information can be utilited as data of understanding nursing care and treatment planning for pain in surgical patients. The subjects in this study were 45 post-hysterectomy patients in Gynecology ward in C. N. U. H., in Taejon. Data was collected from May 12 to June 27. 1996. The instrumants used for this study were subjective Visual Analog Scale, Objedive nonverbal pain scale composed of Facial Apperance. Vocal Sound Change, and Sweating score. and the Melzack's Mcgill pain Qusetionaire. nine Items of Developmental Pain Intensity Scale by Lee En Ok. Analysis of data was done by using S. P. S. S. percentage, t-test, x²-test. ANOVA, and Repeated measure ANOVA. Results were obtained as follows. 1. Hypothesis 1 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in subjective self-report pain score(Visual Analog Scale) between PCA Group and IM Group(P=0.0001). 2. Hypothesis 2 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in muscle strength score (Visual Analog Scale) between PCA Group and IM group(P0.0001). 3. Hypothesis 3 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in facial appearance score between PCA Group and IM group(P=0.0001). 4. Hypothesis 4 : There was very highly statistically significance difference in vocal sound change score between PCA Group and IM group(P=0.0001). 5. Hypothesis 5 : There was no statistically significant difference sweating scores between PCA group and IM group(F=2.50, P=0.1220). But, postoperation time of 12, 24 was statistically difference between two groups(P=0.0001). So, it was partially supported. 6. Hypothesis 6 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in vocabulary pain score between PCA Group and IM group. 7. Hypothesis 7 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in amounts of total analgesic between PCA Group and IM group. There was very highly statistically significant difference in Visual Analog Pain Score, Facial Appearance Score, Vocal Sound Change Score, Vocabulary Score, amounts of total analgesic between PCA group and IM group. So, It is verified to asses of postoperative pain with VAS, Checklist of facia appearance, vocal sound change, and sweating, and Vocabulary Scale.