• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-110
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• 2003

Fiscal crisis in the medical insurance has put the pressure upon hospitals by increasing the rate of curtailment, since the implementation of the separation between prescription and dispensing of Drug. The purpose of this study is to analyze the curtailment for antibiotics, injected drug and other drugs expenditure before and after the system of separation between prescribing and dispensing. Data were gathered from 13 general hospitals and used for analysis of trends on antibiotics and injected drug expenditure, and curtailment in 2000-2001 at three months intervals. The results were as follows; The curtailment rate of antibiotics expenditure has been increased in outpatient and inpatient since 2000. The curtailed antibiotics cost and injected drug cost in outpatient under the prescription within the hospital and in inpatient increased. The ratios of curtailment versus expenditure had increased in antibiotics, injected drugs, anticancer drugs, antiulcer drugs, albumine, antiinflammatory drugs. These results suggest that claim review system in social health insurance were over-focused mainly to control the cost and it might to impede the validity of claim review function in health insurance system. Therefore, it's needed to develope the scientific and reasonable parameter & criteria for claim review of drug expenditure.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.44-59
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• 2000

Naetakcheonkeumsan(NCS) was a drug that treated carbuncle and cellulitis. So, the purpose of this Study was to investigate effect of NCS on the anti-cancer and proliferation of lymphocytes in normal mouse group, L1210 cells-transplanted mouse group and anti-cancer drug (vincristine) 0.005mg/kg were injected mouse(Ll210 cells-transplanted) group. We used NCS extract with freeze-dried, 8wks-old male mice, and Ll210 cell lines for this Study, The proliferation of cells was tested using a colorimetric tetrazoliun assay(MTT assay). The results of this Study were obtained as follow ; Group C(NCS plus Rehmanniae Radix Preparat administered group) inhibited proliferaion of lymphocytes in normal mouse group and Ll210 cells transplanted mouse group. Group A(NCS administered group) and Group B(NCS plus Cervi pantotrichum Cornu administered group) inhibited proliferation of Ll210 cells in Ll210 cells-transplanted mouse group and anti-cancer drug were injected mouse(Ll210 cells-transplanted) group. Group C incresed proliferation of L1210 cells in L1210 cells-transplanted mouse group, but inhibited in anti-cancer drug(vincristine) 0.005mg/kg were injected mouse(L1210 cells-transplanted) group.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1092-1096
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• 2005

Huperzine A-loaded microspheres composed of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) were prepared by an O/w emulsion solvent evaporation method. The characterization of the microspheres such as drug loading, size, shape and release profile was described. The in vitro release in the initial 7 days was nearly linear with $10\%$ released per day. Thereafter drug release rate became slow gradually and about $90\%$ drug released at day 21. The in vitro release rate determined by dialysis bag method had a good correlation with the in vivo release rate. Huperzine A aqueous solution was intramuscularly injected (i.m.) at 0.4mg/kg and microspheres were intra­muscularly injected at 8.4 mg eq huperzine A/kg in rats. The maxium plasma concentration $(C_{max})$ after i.m. microspheres was only $32\%$ of that after i.m. solution. Drug in plasma could be detectd until day 14 and about $5\%$ of administered dose was residued at the injection site at day 14. The relative bioavailability of huperzine A microspheres over a period of 14 days was $94.7\%$. Inhibition of acyecholinesterase activity (AchE) in rat's cortex, hippocampus and striatum could sustain for about 14 days. In conclusion, huperzine A-loaded microspheres possessed a prolonged and complete drug release with significant inhibition of AchE for 2 weeks in rats.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-3
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• 1980

The model of an isolated organ system has been developed to simulate the kinetic behavior of drug levels in an acting organ or site. The model is developed from basic considerations of drug distribution with hemodynamical and pharmacokinetical meanings. Model: It is considered a situation in which non-metabolic drug substance is injected into the arterial inflow of an isolated organ at constant rate. The volume of distribution and the concentration of drug in the venous outflow can be mathematically expressed as a function of time.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2007

Drug eruption is a cutaneous reaction caused by various drugs. It is a very common drug induced adverse reaction. Contrast media induced drug eruption is rare. But approximately 10% of people injected with contrast media experience adverse reaction, and drug eruption accounts for more than 40% of all adverse reactions. We report a case of mild drug eruption and its treatment process based on korean traditional medicine. The patient is a 50 years old female diagnosed with functional dyspepsia. The patient had gastric discomfort and alternation between diarrhea and constipation. All symptoms showed nearly complete remission with continued korean traditional medical treatment. The patient had been injected with contrast media for Computed tomography(CT) evaluation of her breast cancer history. Rashes appeared on back and abdomen, and urticaria and pruritus appeared on the patient's finger 1 day after injection. We prescribed Goreisan(TSUMURA CO &, TJ-17) and acupuncture on Quchi(LI11), Zusanli(ST36), Yangxi(LI5), Yanggu(SI5). Consequently, the drug eruption showed remarkable improvement. So the author reports korean traditional medicine is effective complementary treatment for drug eruption.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 1980

The model of an isolated organ system has been constructed to simulated the behavior of drug in the circulatory system of an acting organ or site. The model is developed on the following assumptions : The drug in the microcirculatory system cannot permeate the capilary walls. The capilary bed is modeled as a simple ideal plug flow system with and without radial concentration gradient. The mathematical model is developed from basic considerations of drug distribution with hemodynamical and pharmacokinetical meanings. It is considered that a nonmetabolic drug substance is injected into the arterial inflow site of an isolated organ at a constant rate. The concentration of the drug in the outflow site is mathematically expressed as a function of time.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.46-49
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• 2007

Background: Cervical epidural injection, performed via the interlaminar approach, represents a useful interventional pain management procedure indicated in patients with a cervical herniated disk. Due to thedecreased epidural space in the cervical region, cervical epidural injections may result in potentially serious complications, especially during a large volume injection. Methods: Thirty-four patients with neck pain due to a cervical herniated disk that were referred to the pain clinic for cervical epidural steroid injection were randomized into two groups. One group received a cervical epidural injection of 4 ml drug and the other group received 2 ml drug. The injected mixture included triamcinolon, ropivacaine and omnipaque. Spread levels of the drug after injection were estimated with the use of C-arm fluoroscopy. Results: Spread levels to the cephalad for patients in the two groups were $4.88{\pm}0.78segments$ and $4.53{\pm}0.49segments$, respectively. Spread levels to the caudad for patients in the two groups were $4.59{\pm}0.93segments$ and $4.47{\pm}0.51segments$, respectively. The results showed no significant difference in the spread level between the two groups. Conclusions: Use of a small volume of drug (2 ml) can provide a sufficient spread level of the injected drug that is desirable for patients with a cervical herniated disk.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.2 s.137
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• pp.122-127
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the safety and efficacy of an oriental herbal composition, Kamihonghwatang(KH-19), for the reduction of the side effects of chemotherapeutic drug. KH-19 prevented the reduction of white blood cells including lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophiles in C57BL/6 mice injected with fluorouracil, a commonly used anticancer drug. KH-19 also prevented the reduction of cell densities in bone marrow and spleen of fluorouracil-injected mice. To evaluate the safety of KH-19, single-dose toxicity test was conducted using SD rats. No dead animal was found and the minimum lethal dose of KH-19 was more than 5000 mg/kg.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.328-333
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• 2009

Contrast media are substances that are used to enhance the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging. Those are commonly used to enhance the visibility of blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study is to evaluate patients who got injected iopamidol, developed as one of contrast medium regarding changes in cardiovascular system and especially, adverse drug reactions. This study were performed on randomly selected a total of 51 patients (range of 15~85 years old) who got injected contrast medium, Iopamidol at a P hospital in Gyeonggi province from September 22nd, 2008 to January 24th, 2009. Data were collected by questionnaire though person to person. We analyzed the data by SPSS (Version 12. for windows). Methods of analysis were frequency and cross analysis. In results, 19.6% (n=10) were founded for adverse drug reactions of contrast medium. 25.0% (n=4) of 10 patients who had adverse drug reactions of contrast medium had took abdomen contrast test. 2 patients of those took contrast test for chest. Also, 3.9% (n=2) patients felt vomiting and nausea after injection of contrast medium. In conclusion, 19.6% patients experienced adverse drug reaction of contrast medium. Therefore, when taking radiation test, we should make efforts to minimize adverse drug reactions to achieve suitable and effective treatment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.819-829
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• 2022

Background: Anxiolytic properties of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) have been previously reported. However, the exact mechanism(s) of action remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated the effect of KRG on immobilization-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice and explored the involvement of the serotonin and GABA systems and BDNF in the anxiolytic action. Methods: Mice were orally administered with KRG (200 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks and immobilized once daily for 2 h. p-Chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) was intraperitoneally injected on day 22-28, and flumazenil or bicuculline was injected on day 25-28. After behavioral evaluations, brains were dissected for biochemical analyses. Results: KRG improved immobilization-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice, as assessed by the elevated plus maze (EPM) and marble burying tests (MBT). The anxiolytic effect of KRG was comparable to that of fluoxetine, a reference drug clinically used for anxiety disorders. A serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-CPA, blocked the effect of KRG in the EPM and MBT, indicating the requirement of serotonin synthesis for anxiolytic action. In addition, the anxiolytic effect of KRG was inhibited by bicuculline (a GABA_A antagonist) in MBT, implying the involvement of GABA transmission. Western blotting analyses revealed that KRG upregulated the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase and GABA_A receptor in the brain, which was blocked by p-CPA. Enhanced BDNF expression by KRG in the hippocampus was also indicated to mediate the anxiolytic action of KRG in immobilized mice. Conclusion: KRG exhibited the anxiolytic effect in immobilized mice by multiple mechanisms of action, involving enhanced serotonin and GABA transmissions and BDNF expression.