• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.191-204
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• 2003

A one dimensional time dependent acid rain model considering size distribution of aerosols and hydrometeors is developed to predict observed chemical and physical properties of precipitation. Temporal variations of anions and cations observed are predicted fairly well with acid rain model simulations. It is found that aerosol depletion rates are highly dependent on aerosol sizes under the assumption of Marshall - Palmer raindrop size distribution. Also, the aerosol depletion during the initial rain event largely influences on ion concentrations in rainwaters.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.209-220
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• 2008

Flutter derivatives provide the basis of predicting the critical wind speed in flutter and buffeting analysis of long-span cable-supported bridges. Many studies have been performed on the methods and applications of identification of flutter derivatives of bridge decks under wind action. In fact, strong wind, especially typhoon, is always accompanied by heavy rain. Then, what is the effect of rain on flutter derivatives and flutter critical wind speed of bridges? Unfortunately, there have been no studies on this subject. This paper makes an initial study on this problem. Covariance-driven Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI in short) which is capable of estimating the flutter derivatives of bridge decks from their steady random responses is presented first. An experimental set-up is specially designed and manufactured to produce the conditions of rain and wind. Wind tunnel tests of a quasi-streamlined thin plate model are conducted under conditions of only wind action and simultaneous wind-rain action, respectively. The flutter derivatives are then extracted by the SSI method, and comparisons are made between the flutter derivatives under the two different conditions. The comparison results tentatively indicate that rain has non-trivial effects on flutter derivatives, especially on and $H_2$ and $A_2$thus the flutter critical wind speeds of bridges.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.984-993
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• 1993

land application of sewage sludge requires careful monitoring because of its potential for contamination of surface water and groundwater. A rainfall simulator was used to investigated the effects of freshly applied sludge on runoff of sediment and nutrients from agricultural crop lands. Rain was applied to 16 experimental field plots. A three run sequence was used to simulate different initial moisture conditions. Runoff, sediment and nutrient losses were monitored at the base of each plot during the simulated rainfall events. Sludge was surface applied and incorporated at conventionally -tilled plots and surface applied at no-till plots, at rates of 0, 75, 150 kg-N/ha. No-till practices greatly reduced runoff, sediment , and nutrient losses form the sludge treated plots, relative to the conventional tillage practices. Incorporation of the sludge was effective in reducing nutrient yields at the conventionally-tilled plots. This effect was more pronounced during the third rain torm, with wet initial conditions. Peak loadings of nutrients appeared during the rainstorm with wet initial conditions.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2010

경주지역 석조문화재 구성암석으로 사용된 경주남산화강암과 석영안산암질 응회암의 산성비에 따른 손상을 예측하기 위하여 인공강우와 인공풍화시험을 적용하였다. pH 4.0 강우는 반응초기에 화강암시편의 표변에 노출된 신선한 광물 입자와 가수분해반응에 의하여 중화되나, 곧 초기산성도로 돌아갔다. 반면 pH 5.6 강우는 경주남산화강암과 반응 시 오랜 시간 동안 중성을 유지하였는데, 약한 산성도로 인하여 암석의 구성 광물이 천천히 지속적으로 가수분해되어 나타나는 결과로 보인다. 풍화된 경주남산화강암과 반응한 산성비의 산성도는 pH 5.6 강우의 경우 선선한 암석에 비해 더 오랫동안 중성을 유지하였다. 응회암과 반응한 산성비는 전체적으로는 화강암과 유사한 경향을 보이나, pH 4.0 강우의 산성도가 낮아지는 시점이 화강암에 비해 늦다. 이는 응회암과 화강암의 조직과 구성광물성분이 다르기 때문이며, 미립 내지 유리질 석기가 많은 응회암이 화강암에 비해 강우와 반응하는 성분이 더 많아서 이러한 차이를 나타낸다. 무게감소율과 강도감소율을 예측한 결과, 신선한 경주남산화강암 보다 응회암이 같은 조건의 환경에서 2배 가까이 감소하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.45-51
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• 1986

The simple and precise model for the estimation of rain acidity from the ambient air quality was developed using the theory of wet scrubber and the chemical equilibria of $SO_2, CO_2, and H_2O$ system. From the measured mixing height, and from the developed relationship between NTU (=number of transfer units) and the concentration of $SO_2$(aq) in rain drops, the HTU (= height equivalent to one transfer unit, i.e. mass transfer resistance) was estimated, and validated with the field-measured data. In Seoul, Korea where the effect of $SO_2$ on rainfall acidity is as high as 84% and the average mixing height is 1 km, the average HTU of $SO_2$ system was found to be 191.5m. The important parameters affecting HTU were identified as rainfall intensity and initial ambient concentration of $SO_2$, and their effects on the value of overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient were quantified.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제3권6호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2004

Exposure of zinc samples in simulated acid rain solution (SARS) was investigated under a periodic wet-dry conditions using an AC impedance technique. The periodic wet and dry exposure consisted of the immersion of zinc samples in SARS for one hour followed by exposure to 7 hours drying at 60% RH. Phases of the corrosion products were indentified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influence of relative humdiity (RH), temperature, and surface inclination on the atmospheric corrosion of zinc is described. The reciprocal of polarization resistance (1/Rp) decreases rapidly during the initial stages then slowly and eventually attains a steady state as exposure time progresses. The average of reciprocal of polarization resistance per cycle, (ARPR) was calculated and found to decrease as number of exposure cycle increases. An increase of temperature enhances the corrsion rate of zinc. The values of ARPR, of a sample inclined at 30 o are lower than those for a sample oriented horizontally. The experiment result shows a pronounced dependence of reciprocal of polarization resistance on RH. Exposure in the presence of carbonate anions gives rise to more protective corrosion products than in nitrate anion solution. The corrosion mechanism during the initial stages of atmospheric zinc corrosion under wet-dry cyclic conditions is suggested.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1990

To investigate ionic characteristics of acid rain by the succeeding rainfall. bulk precipitation was collected every each 5mm rainfall from march to october 1990 at Dae Jeon area. pH, sulfate nitrate, chloride, ammonium ion was measured and analyzed. The result was as follows: 1. The weighted average pH of rain was 5.1$\pm$ 0.72(4.15~7.6) and rain pH less than 5.5 was appeared 51.3% 2. Average ion concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, chloride and ammonium ion was 125.12 $\mu$eq/l, 62.38 $\mu$eq/l, 31.95 $\mu$eq/l, 66.6 $\mu$eq/l and rates of each anions was 57%, 28.4%, 14.6% and rate of sulfate by nitrate was 2 times. 3. There is no correlations time interval of rainfall and Ion concentration change. 4. From initial to 15mm rainfall, each ion concentrations were decreased. and average concentration of pH, SO$^{-2}_{4}$, Cl ion concentration was increased in the succeeding rainfall 5. Only sulfate ion was correlated by the simple regression analysis with pH except NO$^{-}_{3}$, Cl$^{-}$ and NH$_{4}^{+}$ Cl$^{-}$ correlation coefficient was very high at the multiple regression analysis with pH. 6. Simple & multiple correlation coefficient among anions and NH$^{+}_{4}$ was very high especially N$^{+}_{4}$ and SO$^{2-}_{4}$ at simple regression analysis and SO$^{-2}_{4}$ and NO$_{3}^{-}$, Cl$^{-}$, NH$_{4}^{-}$ at multiple regression analysis.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.481-487
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• 2016

본 연구는 도시 강우유출수 처리를 위한 하이브리드 빗물정원 시스템을 개발하고자 수행되었으며, Pilot scale 모니터링을 통하여 시스템 내의 서로 다른 구성요소간의 효율을 검증하였다. 유입수는 국내 외 도로강우유출수의 농도를 고려한 인공강우유출수를 이용하여 수행하였다. 모니터링 결과 하이브리드 빗물정원은 시설 내 저류 80%, 지하수의 침투 15%로 유입수의 약 95% 저감되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 ST의 저류 및 PB와 IT의 침투 기작이 물순환 효과에 기여한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 오염물질 저감효율을 산정한 결과, TSS의 경우 평균 87%으로 나타났으며, 유기물은76%, 영양염류는 46%, 중금속은 56%으로 나타났다. 이는 PB와 IT에 포함된 여재의 여과, 침투 및 식생과 토양의 생물학적 흡수 기작 영향에 의해 나타난 결과로 판단된다. 이러한 연구 결과는 향후 빗물정원의 효율을 향상시키기 위한 시설의 개선 및 설계방안으로 활용 가능할 것으로 평가된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.187-196
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• 2001

아스파라거스의 도입품종에 대한 품종간 생육특성을 검토하기 위해 Excel 등 6품종을 공시하였으며, 노지재배시 경고병 억제와 생산성 향상을 목적으로 비가림 및 멀칭효과에 대하여 검토하였다. 품종간 5개년 평균 상품수량을 보면 노지에서는 UC309와 Excel 품종에서 각각 520kg.10a$^{-1}$, 451kg.10a$^{-1}$으로 양호하였으며, 비가림의 경우에서도 역시 UC309와 Excel 품종에서 각각 1,008kg.10a$^{-1}$, 930kg.$10^{-1}$으로 우수한 결과를 보였다. 전반적으로 비가림재배에서 노지보다 78%의 수량증수 효과를 보였으며 그 중에서도 UC309와 Excel의 경우 노지의 약 2배 정도의 수량을 나타내어 UC309와 Excel은 노지와 비가림재배시 모두 수량성이 양호한 품종으로 생각되었으며 경고병에도 다소 강한 특징을 보였다. 비가림과 멀칭효과에 있어서 출아일과 첫 수확일의 경우 노지에 비해 비가림처리에서 2~3일 빨랐으나 멀칭처리간에는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 주당 경수, 순의 수 등도 비가림 처리에서 많았는데 멀칭처리간에는 볏짚과 흑색멀칭에서 양호한 결과를 보였다. 수량에 있어서도 멀칭 및 비가림 효과가 크게 나타났는데, 수확개시 후 5년 동안의 평균 상품수량을 보면 흑색PE 멀칭에서 888kg.10a$^{-1}$으로 가장 많아 노지 무멀칭에 비해 253%의 증수효과를 보였으며, 노지의 경우 무멀칭 보다 오히려 흑백멀칭 처리에서 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다. 경고병은 노지의 경우 멀칭처리에 관계없이 25% 이상으로 높게 발생하였으나 비가림재배에서는 전혀 발생되지 않았다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.401-410
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• 2011

We assayed the effects of simulated acid rain on the mass loss, $CO_2$ evolution, dehydrogenase activity, and microbial biomass-C of decomposing Sorbus alnifolia leaf litter at the microcosm. The dilute sulfuric acid solution composed the simulated acid rain, and the microcosm decomposition experiment was performed at 23$^{\circ}C$ and 40% humidity. During the early decomposition stage, decomposition rate of S. alnifolia leaf litter, and microbial biomass, $CO_2$ evolution and dehydrogenase activity were inhibited at a lower pH; however, during the late decomposition stage, these characteristics were not affected by pH level. The fungal component of the microbial community was conspicuous at lower pH levels and at the late decomposition stage. Conversely, the bacterial community was most evident during the initial decomposition phase and was especially dominant at higher pH levels. These changes in microbial community structure resulting from changes in microcosm acidity suggest that pH is an important aspect in the maintenance of the decomposition process. Litter decomposition exhibited a positive, linear relationship with both microbial respiration and microbial biomass. Fungal biomass exhibited a significant, positive relationship with $CO_2$ evolution from the decaying litter. Acid rain had a significant effect on microbial biomass and microbial community structure according to acid tolerance of each microbial species. Fungal biomass and decomposition activities were not only more important at a low pH than at a high pH but also fungal activity, such as $CO_2$ evolution, was closely related with litter decomposition rate.