• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.362-369
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• 2009

We have investigated the effect of glucosamine on the retinal cells after continuous infusion into cerebroventricle by using osmotic minipump to avoid peripheral effect. Continuous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) infusion of glucosamine with the rate of 0.1 ${\mu}mol$/10 ${\mu}l$/hr for 7 days resulted in morphological changes of the optic nerve in electron microscopic level as well as morphological changes of the retina in light microscopic level. Retinal sections were immunostained for the detection of morphological changes of astrocytes. GFAP immunoreactivity appeared not only in the Muller cells but also many of the radial processes of Muller cells. The optic nerve showed deformed axon and slight lamellar separation of myelin sheath after continuous infusion of glucosamine in observing with electron microscope. Interestingly, vacuoles were observed in deformed axons and retinal layers were folded and detached. These results suggested that glucosamine plays a role in induction of morphological dysfunction in retina and optic nerves.

• 센서학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2017

A novel intravenous (IV) infusion monitoring sensor is presented to measure the drop rate in the drip chamber of an IV infusion set. It is based on a capacitive proximity sensor and detects the variation of the longitudinal electric field induced by the drop falling into the drip chamber. Unlike the conventional capacitor sensor with two semi-cylindrical conductor plates, the proximity sensor for IV monitoring is composed of a pair of conductor rings which are mounted on the outer surface of the drip chamber with a specific gap between them. The characteristics of the proximity sensor for IV monitoring were investigated through three dimensional electrostatic simulations. It showed quite superior performances in comparison with the conventional capacitor sensor. Especially, the proposed proximity sensor exhibits consistent sensitivity regardless of its mounting position on the drip chamber, operates normally though the drip chamber is tilted and shows robustness to the changes of the drop size and the drip factor of the IV infusion set. Thus, the proximity sensor for IV monitoring is more suitable for use in actual environment of IV therapy compared with the conventional capacitor sensor.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제70권5호
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• pp.390-396
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• 2011

Background: Hyaluronan (HA) is an unbranched glycosaminoglycan. It has been proposed that HA acts as a vehicle for cytokines due to the strong negative charge on its surface. We hypothesized that HA would function like a cytokine scavenger and reduce the inflammatory signaling cascade and this would lead to improved survival in rats suffering with endotoxemia. Methods: Endotoxin (Salmonella, 10 mg/kg) or an equal amount of 0.9% NaCl (NS) was injected into the jugular vein of rats. HA (1,600 kDa, 0.35%) or NS was given at 0.1 mL/kg/h for 3 hours. HA or NS infusion was started at 4 hour after endotoxin injection. The rats were divided into the control and HA groups (n=16 for each group). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored during HA or normal saline infusion. Survival was assessed every 12 hours for 3 days throughout the experiment. Results: The survival rate (%) of the rats treated with HA was higher (60%) than that of the controls (20%) when HA was infused 4 hours after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of the animals surviving HA or NS infusion 4 hours after LPS showed that the total cell counts and number of neutrophils were significantly (p < 0.01) reduced in the HA treated groups compared with that of the controls (total cell count, $9.2{\times}10^4$/mL vs. $61{\times}10^4$/mL; neutrophils, $21{\times}10^4$/mL vs. $0.2{\times}10^4$/mL, respectively). There was no significant MAP difference between the HA or control groups either with or without endotoxin. Conclusion: Infusion of hyaluronan (1,600 kDa) reduced the BAL total cell count and the number of neutrophils and it improved the survival rate of the endotoxemic rats.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.359-367
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of propofol on cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) in seven dogs. Propofol infusion was accomplished from low concentration to high concentration in series, and each concentration was infused for 20 minutes (M0: 0, M0.5: 0.5, M1.0:1.0, and M1.5: 1.5 mg/kg/min of infusion rate). EEG was recorded via needle electrode placed at Cz, which was applied to International 10-20 system. Arterial blood pressure. blood gas analysis and ECG were also measured. Hoemodynamics, Pa$CO_2$, PaO$_2$, heart rate and respiratory rate were variable, but were net significant(p>0.05). The power spectra of EEG in every concentration was compared wish those of control (MO). The powers at a1l frequencies at M1.0 and Ml.5 were decreased. Especially, the powers of the frequencies over 20 Hz were significantly decreased (p<0.O5). Powers at frequencies between 8 and 15Hz at MO.S were significantly increased (p<0.05) in response to the painful stimuli. It was inferred that they may reflect activity of the brain which is consciously processing the external Stimuli. Like the Power spectra, al1 the band powers of He EEG ($\delta$ 1-4, $\theta$4-8, $\alpha$ 8-13, $\beta$L13-21. $\beta$H 21-30, \ulcorner 30-50, and total 1-5OHz) were decreased in proportion to the increase of infusion rate at M1 .0 and M1.5. Especially, decrease of $\beta$H and ${\gamma}$ were significant(p<0.01). At M0.5, $\alpha$ band was significantly increased(p<0.05) among all the bands. Seizure activities which were concide with occurrence of spike wave were shown in all dogs at Ml .0 and M1.5.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2012

The Fontan operation is a heart operation used to treat complex congenital heart defects like tricuspid atresia, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, pulmonary atresia and single ventricle. A single ventricle is dedicated to pumping oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation and the entire systemic venous return reaches the pulmonary arterial system without the direct influence of a pumping chamber. In the patient with Fontan operation, it is important to achieve adequate pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output in anesthetic management. In this case, a 10-year-old boy (19.6 kg, 114 cm) with cleft palate, cerebral palsy and severe mental retardation, who underwent a Fontan operation when he was 4 years old, was presented for deep sedation. Because he was suffering from eating disorder with cleft palate, the orthodontist and the plastic surgeon planned to insert intraoral orthodontic device before cleft palate repair. But it was impossible to open his mouth for alginate impression procedure. After careful pre-anesthesia evaluation we planned to administer deep sedation with propofol infusion. After Intravenous catheter insertion, we started propofol intravenous infusion with the formula of a loading dose of 1.0 mg/kg followed by an infusion rate of 6.0 mg/kg/hr with syringe pump. His blood pressure was remained around 80/40 mmHg after loss of consciousness, but he could not maintain his airway patent. So we lowered the infusion rate to 3.0 mg/kg/hr, immediately. The oxygen saturation was maintained above 95% with nasal oxygen supply, and blood pressure was maintained around 100-80/60-40 mmHg. After the sedation of 110 minutes with propofol (the infusion rate to 3.0-5.0 mg/kg/hr), he fully regained consciousness, and was discharged without complication after 1 hour observation. In case of post-Fontan patient, intravenous deep sedation with propofol was safe and effective method of behavioral management during dental treatment.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2013

Purpose: For the treat hypothermia patients, active warming might be needed. In most emergency departments, IV warm saline infusion is used for treatments. However, during IV warm saline infusion, heat loss from the warm saline may occur and aggravate hypothermia. Thus, in this study, we conducted an experiment on conserving heat loss from warm saline by using a simple method. Methods: Four insulation methods were used for this study. 1) wrapping the set tube for the administration of the IV fluid with a cotton bandage, 2) wrapping the set tube for the administration of the IV fluid with a cotton bandage with aluminum foil, 3) wrapping the warm saline bag and tube with a cotton bandage, and 4) wrapping the warm saline bag and tube with a cotton bandage with aluminum foil. Intravenous fluid was preheated to a temperature between $38-40^{\circ}C$. The temperatures of the saline bag temperature and the distal end of the IV administration set were measured every ten minutes for an hour. The infusion rate was 1000 cc/hr, and to obtain an accurate infusion rate, we used an infusion pump. Results: The mean initial temperature of the saline bag was $39.11^{\circ}C$. An hour later, the fluid temperature at the distal end of the fluid temperature ranged from $39.11^{\circ}C$ to $34.3^{\circ}C$. Without any insulation, the initial temperature of the pre-heated warm saline, $39^{\circ}$ had decreased to $34.8^{\circ}C$ after having been run through the 170-cm-long IV administration tube, and after 1-hour, the temperature was $29.63^{\circ}C$. As we expected, heat loss was prevented most by wrapping both the saline bag and the IV administration set with a cotton bandage and aluminum foil. Conclusion: Wrapping both the saline bag and the IV administration set with a cotton bandage and aluminum foil can prevent heat loss during IV infusion in Emergency departments.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2006년도 제23차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.86-87
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• 2006

The hatchery sanitation has a significant impact on chick quality. This study was carried out to investigate the bacterial contamination in the broiler hatchery. The aerosol bacterial contamination was low except for the operating hatcher that the bacterial counts were measured almost over 300 counts/64cm$^{2}$. The bacterial contamination of the facilities and equipments had a similar tendency as compared with the aerosol bacterial contamination. More than six groups of the Salmonella species were isolated almost from the hatcher and the related facilities and equipments. Also, in this study, we compared the effects of four methods of 37% formalin adminstration in hatcher. At hatch, the aerosol bacterial counts in hatcher receiving 37% formalin as constant rate infusion method during hatching were significantly lower than in each hatcher receiving 37% formalin once at transfer and not receiving 37% formalin, respectively(p<0.05).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2016

Changes in the cardiovascular and bispectral index score were evaluated in dogs subjected to constant rate infusion (CRI) with alfaxalone. Fifteen dogs were assigned to three groups of 5. Groups and doses of alfaxalone were as follows: group 1, 3 mg/kg for induction and 6 mg/kg/h for CRI; group 2, 3 mg/kg for induction and 8 mg/kg/h for CRI; and group 3, 3 mg/kg for induction and 10 mg/kg/h for CRI. CRI was maintained for 1 h. Respiratory rates and blood pressures showed minimal changes; however, mild tachycardia and mild hypoxemia occurred, especially in group 3. There were some disparities between bispectral index score, electromyography and pedal withdrawal reflex test when measuring anesthetic depth. Additional premedications and/or analgesic agents would be helpful to avoid adverse effects of alfaxalone and provide improved cardiopulmonary functions.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2021

This study aims to examine the antibacterial effects of cotton and silk fabrics naturally dyed with Artemisia princeps extract on antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. The concentrated natural dye of the Artemisia princeps extract was made at the liquor ratio of 1:10 at 40-60℃ for 60 minutes. The concentration of FeSO4·7H2O, Al2(SO4)3, and CuSO4 5H2O mordant was 3% (owf), and the liquor ratio was 1:20. In order to experiment on the antimicrobial activity of the naturally dyed fabrics, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591, was used by breeding it in Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHA) containing Oxacillin (2㎍/ml), Fungizone (2.5㎍/ml), and Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI; Detroit, MI, USA). As a result of examining the bacterial growth reduction rate on dyed cotton and silk fabrics against antibiotic-resistant strains, it was found that the copper mordant in cotton fabric shows the highest antibacterial activity with a bacterial growth reduction rate of 99.9%, and the non-mordant cotton fabric shows the lowest antibacterial activity with a reduction rate of 18.6%. In the case of the naturally dyed silk fabric, it indicates the highest reduction rate of strains in the Al mordanting (94.9%), and Cu mordanting (99.9%).

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.192-196
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• 2016

Background: This study investigated the efficacy and safety of combined subacromial and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for control of postoperative pain after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Methods: Between May 2012 and August 2014, 60 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with acromioplasty and received patient-controlled analgesia were studied prospectively. Cases were divided into 2 groups: combined subacromial and intravenous infusion group (group A, 30 cases) and solitary intravenous infusion group (group B, 30 cases). The visual analogue scale was used to record the patient's level of pain every 12 hours during postoperative 72 hours and the following 48 hours after the suspension of patient-controlled analgesia. Results: The mean preoperative visual analogue scale score was 7.8 in group A and 7.6 in group B, and the immediate postoperative visual analogue scale score was 7.9 and 8.1 for each group. At postoperative time (From 12 hours to 72 hours after operation), the scores of combined subacromial and intravenous infusion were significantly lower than those of solitary intravenous infusion. Significant difference in the frequency of supplemental analgesic injections was observed between group A and group B (p=0.008). However, no significant difference in complication rate was observed between the two groups (p=0.562). Conclusions: Combined subacromial and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is more effective than solitary intravenous infusion without significantly increasing complications. Therefore, combined subacromial and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia could be a effective pain control method.