• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제65권3호
• /
• pp.199-213
• /
• 2020

국내 육성 벼 품종의 입형 특성은 협소한 유전적 배경을 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 육성품종의 입형 관련 표현형과 유전자형을 분석하여 생태형에 따른 입형 특성과 대립유전자 효과를 파악하고, 자포니카 품종에 도입된 대립유전자의 기원을 확인하고자 수행되었다. 자포니카 225, 흑미 14, 통일형 생태형 33품종 등 272품종에 대해서 현미 길이, 너비, 두께, 장폭비, 천립중의 표현형과 GW2, GS3, qGL3, qSW5, GS5, TGW6, GW7, GW8 등 8개 입형 관련 유전자형을 분석하였다. 자포니카 품종은 중단립종에 단원형, 흑미와 통일형 품종은 중립종에 중원형 입형 특성을 나타냈다. 표현형에 대한 군집분석을 통해 자포니카 품종 대부분으로 구성된 그룹 1, 흑미와 통일형 품종 위주로 구성된 그룹 2, 자포니카 품종이 포함된 그룹 3 등 세 그룹으로 나눌 수 있었다. 그룹 1은 현미 너비와 두께, 그룹 2는 장폭비와 길이, 그룹 3은 천립중에 의해 영향을 많이 받아 구분되며 그룹 1은 중단립종·단원형, 그룹 2는 중립종·중원형, 그룹 3은 장립종·단원형 입형 특성을 나타냈다. 입형 관련 대립유전자형 분석 결과 gw2 (빈도수 1.1%)와 tgw6 (0.4%) 대립유전자는 매우 드물었으며, qgl3와 gw8는 통일형 생태형에서만 존재하였고 자포니카 품종의 qSW5 유전자형은 qsw5_N이 대부분을 차지하였다. 생태형별 대립유전자 조합의 수는 자포니카 7개(Cj1-Cj7), 흑미 3개(Cj_b1-Cj_b3), 통일형 13개(CT1-CT13)로 자포니카에 비해 품종수가 적은 통일형 생태형이 더 다양하였다. 자포니카 품종의 대표 대립유전자 조합은 자포니카 Cj1, 2 (GW2-GS3_C-qGL3-qsw5_N-gs5-TGW6-gw7(GW7)-GW8)로 여기에 gw2, gs3, qSW5, GS5 대립유전자가 도입됨으로써 다양성이 확대되었다. 흑미 품종의 대표 대립유전자 조합은 Cj_b2, 3 (GW2-gs3-qGL3-qsw5_N-gs5-TGW6-gw7(GW7)-GW8)로 자포니카 대표 조합에서 GS3_C가 gs3로 치환된 조합이다. 통일형 생태형은 GW2 유전자만 다형성이 없었고 7개 유전자에서 13개 대립유전자 조합이 확인되었으며 대표조합은 CT3 (GW2-GS3_C-qgl3-qsw5_N-gs5-TGW6-GW7-gw8)이다. 우리나라 대표 품종인 '신동진'의 입형 특성은 자포니카 대립유전자 조합 Cj2에서 gs3가 도입됨으로써 중대립화되었고, gs3는 미국품종 Calrose로부터 유래한 것으로 판단된다. 국내 육성 벼 품종에 대한 입형 관련 표현형과 유전자형 분석 결과는 우리나라 벼 품종의 입형 특성을 다양화하는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 1986

본 연구에서는 산란종계 육종개발에 필요한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 산란종계 6계통을 양면교잡시켜 생산된 후대 3,759수를 가지고 교잡에 의한 잡종강세효과와 결합능력을 추정하였다. 공시계는 국립종축원 대전지원에서 보유하고 있는 White LKeghorn종 6계통에서 생산된 36개 조합의 양면교잡종을 이용하여 1984년 5월 11일부터 1985년 9월23일까지 500일간 수행하였으며, 수정율, 부화율, 육추율, 유성율, 성계생존율, 초산일령, 초산시 체중, 평규란중, 생존계산란율, 산란지수 및 사료요구율 등을 조사하였다. 조사된 각 형질에 대한 기록을 분석하여 교잡에 의한 잡종강세효과, 일반결합능력, 특수결합능력, 상반교잡효과 등을 추정하였다. 분석방법은 Griffing(1956)의 Model I 모형을 이용하여 추정하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 조사된 형질의 일반능력은 수정율이 94.76%, 부화율이 74.05%, 육추율이 97.47%, 육성율이 99.72%, 생존율이 93.81%, 초산일령이 150일, 초산시체량이 1,505g, 평균란중이 60.08g, 생존계산란율이 77.11%, 산란지수가 269.8개, 사료요구율이 2.44로 나타났다. 2. 잡종강세의 크기는 수정율에서 -1.66%로 부의 방향으로 나타났으며 부화율에서 9.58%, 육추율에서 0.26%, 생존율에서 1.83%, 초산일령에서 -3.87%, 초산시체중에서 3.63%, 평균란중에서 0.96, 산란율에서 4.23%, 산란지수에서 6.4%, 그리고 사료요구율에서 -0.85%로 나타나 수정율과 체중을 제외한 모든 형질에서 바람직한 개량방향으로 잡종강세효과를 보여 주었으며, 비교적 유전력이 낮은 부화율, 사란능력에서는 잡종강세효과가 컸고, 유전력이 비교적 높은 란중은 잡종강세효과가 적었다. 3. 결합능력의 분석에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 1)수정율 일반결합능력, 특수결합능력 및 상반교잡효과는 중요하지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 수정율은 유전적 요인보다는 환경적인 요인에 의해 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 부화율에서는 일반결합능력이 큰 비중을 차지하였으며 특히 K와 V계통의 상가적 유전효과가 크게 추정되었다. 2) 사료요구율과 평균란중은 일반결합능력이 특히 중요하였으며 특수결합능력과 상반교잡효과도 중요하게 나타났다. 사료요구율은 F, K, B 계통에서 우수하였으며, 란중은 F, B 계통이 우수하게 나타났다. 4) 초산일령은 일반결합능력, 특수결합능력 및 상반교잡효과가 모두 중요하게 나타났으며, V$\times$E, F$\times$K, B$\times$F의 교배조합이 우수하였고, 초산시체중은 일반결합능력이 특히 중요하게 나타났으며 특수결합능력과 상반교잡효과도 중요하게 나타났다. 초산시체중을 가벼운 쪽으로 개량하고자 할 때 K, F, E 계통이 우수하였다. 5) 산란율과 산란지수는 일반결합능력, 특수결합능력, 상반교잡효과가 모두 중요하였으며, F$\times$K, $A\times$K, $K\times$A 조합에서 우수하게 나타났다. 4. 일반적으로 일반결합능력이 중요하게 나타난 형질은 부화율, 초산시체중, 평균란중, 산란율, 산란지수, 사료요구율이었고 특수결합능력이 중요하게 나타난 형질은 육추율, 성계생존율, 초산일령, 산란율, 산란지수였으며, 상반교잡효과가 중요하였던 형질은 초산일령이었다.

• 간호행정학회지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.51-64
• /
• 1997

The purpose of the study was to introduce an integrated approach of new Casuistry and specified principlism in resolving ethical problems and studying nursing ethics. In studying clinical ethics and nursing ethics, there is no systematic research method. While nurses often experience ethical dilemmas in practice, much of previous research on nursing ethics has focused merely on describing the existing problems. In addition, ethists presented theoretical analysis and critics rather than providing the specific problems solving strategies. There is a need in clinical situations for an integrated method which can provide the objective description for existing problem situations as well as specific problem solving methods. We inherit two distinct ways of discussing ethical issues. One of these frames these issues in terms of principles, rules, and other general ideas; the other focuses on the specific features of particular kinds of moral cases. In the first way general ethical rules relate to specific moral cases in a theoretical manner, with universal rules serving as "axioms" from which particular moral judgments are deduced as theorems. In the seconds, this relation is frankly practical. with general moral rules serving as "maxims", which can be fully understood only in terms of the paradigmatic cases that define their meaning and force. Theoretical arguments are structured in ways that free them from any dependence on the circumstances of their presentation and ensure them a validity of a kind that is not affected by the practical context of use. In formal arguments particular conclusions are deduced from("entailed by") the initial axioms or universal principles that are the apex of the argument. So the truth or certainty that attaches to those axioms flows downward to the specific instances to be "proved". In the language of formal logic, the axioms are major premises, the facts that specify the present instance are minor premises, and the conclusion to be "proved" is deduced (follows necessarily) from the initial presises. Practical arguments, by contrast, involve a wider range of factors than formal deductions and are read with an eye to their occasion of use. Instead of aiming at strict entailments, they draw on the outcomes of previous experience, carrying over the procedures used to resolve earlier problems and reapply them in new problmatic situations. Practical arguments depend for their power on how closely the present circumstances resemble those of the earlier precedent cases for which this particular type of argument was originally devised. So. in practical arguments, the truths and certitudes established in the precedent cases pass sideways, so as to provide "resolutions" of later problems. In the language of rational analysis, the facts of the present case define the gounds on which any resolution must be based; the general considerations that carried wight in similar situations provide warrants that help settle future cases. So the resolution of any problem holds good presumptively; its strengh depends on the similarities between the present case and the prededents; and its soundness can be challenged (or rebutted) in situations that are recognized ans exceptional. Jonsen & Toulmin (1988), and Jonsen (1991) introduce New Casuistry as a practical method. The oxford English Dictionary defines casuistry quite accurately as "that part of ethics which resolves cases of conscience, applying the general rules of religion and morality to particular instances in which circumstances alter cases or in which there appears to be a conflict of duties." They modified the casuistry of the medieval ages to use in clinical situations which is characterized by "the typology of cases and the analogy as an inference method". A case is the unit of analysis. The structure of case was made with interaction of situation and moral rules. The situation is what surrounds or stands around. The moral rule is the essence of case. The analogy can be objective because "the grounds, the warrants, the theoretical backing, the modal qualifiers" are identified in the cases. The specified principlism was the method that Degrazia (1992) integrated the principlism and the specification introduced by Richardson (1990). In this method, the principle is specified by adding information about limitations of the scope and restricting the range of the principle. This should be substantive qualifications. The integrated method is an combination of the New Casuistry and the specified principlism. For example, the study was "Ethical problems experienced by nurses in the care of terminally ill patients"(Um, 1994). A semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted for fifteen nurses who mainly took care of terminally ill patients. The first stage, twenty one cases were identified as relevant to the topic, and then were classified to four types of problems. For instance, one of these types was the patient's refusal of care. The second stage, the ethical problems in the case were defined, and then the case was analyzed. This was to analyze the reasons, the ethical values, and the related ethical principles in the cases. Then the interpretation was synthetically done by integration of the result of analysis and the situation. The third stage was the ordering phase of the cases, which was done according to the result of the interpretation and the common principles in the cases. The first two stages describe the methodology of new casuistry, and the final stage was for the methodology of the specified principlism. The common principles were the principle of autonomy and the principle of caring. The principle of autonomy was specified; when competent patients refused care, nurse should discontinue the care to respect for the patients' decision. The principle of caring was also specified; when the competent patients refused care, nurses should continue to provide the care in spite of the patients' refusal to preserve their life. These specification may lead the opposite behavior, which emphasizes the importance of nurse's will and intentions to make their decision in the clinical situations.

• 마케팅과학연구
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.147-187
• /
• 2008

온라인 게임에서의 경험을 설명하는 대부분의 이전 연구들이 플로우의 역할을 강조하고 있으며, 플로우의 선행요인과 결과요인을 밝히는데 초점을 두었다. 플로우는 온라인상의 몰입경험을 설명하는데 타당한 것으로 기존 연구에서 검증되었고 성과와 직결된다는 점에서 중요한 변수임은 분명하지만, 쾌락적 경험으로서의 온라인 게임을 설명하는 데 있어서는 부족하다. 이러한 기존 연구의 부족한 점을 보완하고자, 본 연구는 음악과 영화분야에서 연구된 쾌락적 반응 연구를 온라인 게임에 적용하여 온라인 게임에서의 다차원적인 경험과정을 보여주고자 하였다. 또한 기존에 쾌락적 반응에 관한 연구를 보완하여 감각적 반응, 상상적 반응, 분석적 반응이 감정적 반응에 주는 영향을 검증하였으며, 플로우를 대신해 쾌락적 반응들이 게임 만족에 주는 영향, 게임 만족이 충성도에 주는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 그리고 쾌락적 선호를 조절하거나 매개하는 변수로 알려진 지각된 복잡성에 따른 조절 영향을 확인함으로써, 자극의 차이에 따른 쾌락적 반응의 영향차이를 보지 않았던 기존연구를 확장하였다. 연구결과, 감각적 반응, 상상적 반응, 분석적 반응의 감정적 반응에 대한 유의한 영향, 각각의 쾌락적 반응의 만족에 대한 유의한 영향, 만족의 충성도에 대한 영향이 검증되었다. 그리고 이러한 영향은 지각된 복잡성이 다른 집단 별로 달랐는데, 예상한 바대로 지각된 복잡성이 높은 집단에서는 분석적 반응이 전반적으로 강한 영향을, 그리고 낮은 집단에서는 감각적 반응이 감정과 만족에 강한 영향을 주는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 연구 마지막에는 이러한 결과들에 대한 요약 및 해석, 시사점 및 한계점이 논의되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제15권
• /
• pp.33-59
• /
• 1974

소맥육종에 있어서 수량에 관한 선발효율을 높이기 위한 기초적정보를 얻고저 1968년부터 1971년까지 4개년에 걸쳐 작물시험장포장에서 일련의 실험을 실시하였다. 먼저 수량 및 수량관계형질의 유전력과 형질간의 상호관계를 구명하기 위하여 고정품종군과 F$_2$개체군 그리고 F$_3$계통군을 공시하였고 고정품종군으로서 시비량과 년차를 달리하여 수량 및 수량관계형질상호관계의 변동상황을 추구한바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시품종들을 한국, 미국, 일본품종군으로 또 조생, 만생품종군으로 분류하여 조사한바 출수기, 간장, 수장의 유전력은 어느품종군에 있어서나 높았고 1수입수, 1,000입중의 유전력은 중정도, 그리고 1주수수와 수량의 유전력은 낮은 편이었다. 그러나 미국품종군에 있어서만은 1수입수와 수량의 유전력이 매우 낮은 값을 보였다. 2. 1,000입중과 수량간에는 만생품종군을 제외한 모든 품종군에 있서어 높은 유전상관을 보였으며 1수입수와 수량간에도 미국품종군을 제외한 모든 품종군에 있어서 높은 유전상관이 인정되었다. 3. 경로계수분절결과, 수량에 대한 직접효과는 만생품종군을 제외한 모든 품종군에 있어서 1,000입중이 가장 컸다. 4. F$_2$에 있어서는 1,000입중과 수량간에 2조합에서 모두 높은 유전상관을 보였으며 1수입수와 수량간에도 조합에 따라 차이는 있으나 비교적 높은 상관을 보였다. 5. F$_2$에 있어서 경로계수분절결과 수량구성요소들의 수량에 대한 직접효과는 별로 차이가 없었다. 6. F$_3$에 있어 수량과 높은 유전상관을 보인 것은 1,000입중과 1수입수였으며 수량에 대한 직접효과도 1수입수가 가장 컸고 1,000입중의 직접효과도 큰편이었다. 7. 유전력이 높은 출수기, 간장, 수장등의 유전력은 비료반응형품종군에 있어서나 비반응형 품종군에 있어서 시비량증가에 따른 변동이 거의 없었다. 8. 비료반응형품종군에 있어서는 1,000입중의 유전력이 그리고 비반응형품종군에 있어서는 수량의 유전력이 시비량증가에 따라 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 9. 비료비반응형품종군의 1수입수의 유전력과 1,000입중의 유전력은 비료반응형품종군의 그것보다 높았다. 10. 비료반응형품종군과 비반응형품종군에서 공히 수량과 높은 유전상관을 보인 것은 1,000입중이었으나 비료반응형품종군에 있어서 그 상관의 정도는 비료증시에 따라 낮아졌는데 비료비반응형품종군에서는 이와 반대였다. 11. 비료반응형품종군에 있어서는 수량과 1주수수간에 높은 유전상관을 보였으나 비반응형품종군에 있어서는 상관정도가 매우 낮았다. 12. 경로계수분석결과 수량구성요소들의 수량에 대한 직접효과는 비료반응형품종군에서나 비반응형품종군에 있어서나 시비량차에 관계없이 1,000입중이 가장 컸으며 비료반응형품종군의 다비구에서만 1주수수가 컸다. 13. 년차에 의한 유전력의 변동은 유전력이 높은 출수기, 간장, 수장과 1수입수, 1,000 입중등에서는 변동이 적었으며 유전력이 낮은 1주수수에 있어서 변동이 큰 편이었다. 14. 양년차에서 공히 수량과 유전상관이 높았던 형질은 1,000입중이었으며 수량에 대한 직접효과도 가장 큰 편이었다. 15. 이상의 결과로 보아 우리나라의 소맥육종에 있어서는 다수성의 선발은 1,000입중에 주목하여 선발하는 것이 선발의 효율을 높이는 방법이 될것으로 추론하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.60-73
• /
• 1989

수도재배에 있어서 수량은 여러 가지 요인이 복합적으로 작용하여 나타난 반응의 산물이다. 수도의 적정재배조건을 구명하기 위하여 지금까지는 제한된 요인 및 수준에서 시험연구가 수행되어 왔는데, 처리요인수 및 각 요인당 처리수준이 증가될 경우 전체 처리수의 급증으로 시험수행이 어렵게 된다. 본 연구는 이를 극복하고자 조생량 벼 품종 '운봉벼'의 재식주수, 주당본수, 질소시비량, 이앙일, 육묘일수 등 5가지 계량적 재배요인의 최적조건을 구명하기 위한 시험을 수행하고 수량을 Box와 Wilson의 중심합성계획법에 따라 분석하였으며(시험 1), 같은 품종을 공시하여 실험 1과 같은 요인을 Finney의 부분실시법(FFD)과 비교함으로써(시험 2) CCD의 농사시험연구에의 활용가능성을 제시하고자 하였다. 1. 재배조건에 따른 수량반응 수량은 5요인중 4요인의 수준을 중심수준에서 통제하였을 때 각 요인별 최대수량은 중심수준(재식주수, 90수/3.3$m^2$ ; 주당본수, 5본 ; N시비량, 11kg/10a ; 이앙일, 6월 25일 ; 육묘일수, 35일) 부근이었고 각 요인이 양극단수준으로 갈수록 감수하였으며 5요인중 3요인을 중심수준에서 통제하고 난 뒤에 2요인들 간의 상호작용에 의한 수량은 가 수준의 중심부에서 최고치를 보였다. 전체 5개 요인의 상호작용에 의해 나타난 수량의 정상점은 안부점이었다. 2. 두 계획법의 비교 가. CCD에서 수량에 대한 각각의 정상점에서의 재배조건은, 재식주수 107주/3.3$m^2$, 주당본수 4본, 질소시비량 10kg/10a, 이앙일 6월 26일, 육묘일수 33일이었고, 정상점에서의 수량은 439kg/10a으로서 FFD에서의 그것들과 비슷하였다. 나. CCD에 의하면 요인수와 수준수가 많아도 처리조합수를 획기적으로 줄일 수 있었고, 실험재료의 절적, 작업시간의 단축 및 작업의 간편화를 가져왔다. 다. CCD(각 요인별 5수준)는 FFD(각 3수준)에 비하여 수준수가 많았지만 결과를 도해화하기에 편리하였다. 라. 양 계획법에 있어서 수량의 정상점이 안부점인 것으로 보아 요인의 설정시 각 요인 상호간의 이질성을 고려해야 하며, 처리요인의 지나친 증가도 억제되어야 할 것이다. 마. CCD는 극한수준($\pm$2, $\pm$2, $\pm$2, $\pm$2, $\pm$2)의 처리가 없기 때문에 각 요인의 극한수준의 실험영역에 대해서는 적은 정보를 얻었으나. FFD보다는 많은 유익한 정보를 획득할 수 있었다. 따라서, CCD는 획기적으로 처리수를 줄였어도 유익한 정보를 제공하는 것으로 보아, 농사시험연구에 효율적으로 활용할 수 있는 계획적으로 확인되었다.적으로 확인되었다.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2010

At the initial stage of Internet advertising, banner advertising came into fashion. As the Internet developed into a central part of daily lives and the competition in the on-line advertising market was getting fierce, there was not enough space for banner advertising, which rushed to portal sites only. All these factors was responsible for an upsurge in advertising prices. Consequently, the high-cost and low-efficiency problems with banner advertising were raised, which led to an emergence of keyword advertising as a new type of Internet advertising to replace its predecessor. In the beginning of 2000s, when Internet advertising came to be activated, display advertisement including banner advertising dominated the Net. However, display advertising showed signs of gradual decline, and registered minus growth in the year 2009, whereas keyword advertising showed rapid growth and started to outdo display advertising as of the year 2005. Keyword advertising refers to the advertising technique that exposes relevant advertisements on the top of research sites when one searches for a keyword. Instead of exposing advertisements to unspecified individuals like banner advertising, keyword advertising, or targeted advertising technique, shows advertisements only when customers search for a desired keyword so that only highly prospective customers are given a chance to see them. In this context, it is also referred to as search advertising. It is regarded as more aggressive advertising with a high hit rate than previous advertising in that, instead of the seller discovering customers and running an advertisement for them like TV, radios or banner advertising, it exposes advertisements to visiting customers. Keyword advertising makes it possible for a company to seek publicity on line simply by making use of a single word and to achieve a maximum of efficiency at a minimum cost. The strong point of keyword advertising is that customers are allowed to directly contact the products in question through its more efficient advertising when compared to the advertisements of mass media such as TV and radio, etc. The weak point of keyword advertising is that a company should have its advertisement registered on each and every portal site and finds it hard to exercise substantial supervision over its advertisement, there being a possibility of its advertising expenses exceeding its profits. Keyword advertising severs as the most appropriate methods of advertising for the sales and publicity of small and medium enterprises which are in need of a maximum of advertising effect at a low advertising cost. At present, keyword advertising is divided into CPC advertising and CPM advertising. The former is known as the most efficient technique, which is also referred to as advertising based on the meter rate system; A company is supposed to pay for the number of clicks on a searched keyword which users have searched. This is representatively adopted by Overture, Google's Adwords, Naver's Clickchoice, and Daum's Clicks, etc. CPM advertising is dependent upon the flat rate payment system, making a company pay for its advertisement on the basis of the number of exposure, not on the basis of the number of clicks. This method fixes a price for advertisement on the basis of 1,000-time exposure, and is mainly adopted by Naver's Timechoice, Daum's Speciallink, and Nate's Speedup, etc, At present, the CPC method is most frequently adopted. The weak point of the CPC method is that advertising cost can rise through constant clicks from the same IP. If a company makes good use of strategies for maximizing the strong points of keyword advertising and complementing its weak points, it is highly likely to turn its visitors into prospective customers. Accordingly, an advertiser should make an analysis of customers' behavior and approach them in a variety of ways, trying hard to find out what they want. With this in mind, her or she has to put multiple keywords into use when running for ads. When he or she first runs an ad, he or she should first give priority to which keyword to select. The advertiser should consider how many individuals using a search engine will click the keyword in question and how much money he or she has to pay for the advertisement. As the popular keywords that the users of search engines are frequently using are expensive in terms of a unit cost per click, the advertisers without much money for advertising at the initial phrase should pay attention to detailed keywords suitable to their budget. Detailed keywords are also referred to as peripheral keywords or extension keywords, which can be called a combination of major keywords. Most keywords are in the form of texts. The biggest strong point of text-based advertising is that it looks like search results, causing little antipathy to it. But it fails to attract much attention because of the fact that most keyword advertising is in the form of texts. Image-embedded advertising is easy to notice due to images, but it is exposed on the lower part of a web page and regarded as an advertisement, which leads to a low click through rate. However, its strong point is that its prices are lower than those of text-based advertising. If a company owns a logo or a product that is easy enough for people to recognize, the company is well advised to make good use of image-embedded advertising so as to attract Internet users' attention. Advertisers should make an analysis of their logos and examine customers' responses based on the events of sites in question and the composition of products as a vehicle for monitoring their behavior in detail. Besides, keyword advertising allows them to analyze the advertising effects of exposed keywords through the analysis of logos. The logo analysis refers to a close analysis of the current situation of a site by making an analysis of information about visitors on the basis of the analysis of the number of visitors and page view, and that of cookie values. It is in the log files generated through each Web server that a user's IP, used pages, the time when he or she uses it, and cookie values are stored. The log files contain a huge amount of data. As it is almost impossible to make a direct analysis of these log files, one is supposed to make an analysis of them by using solutions for a log analysis. The generic information that can be extracted from tools for each logo analysis includes the number of viewing the total pages, the number of average page view per day, the number of basic page view, the number of page view per visit, the total number of hits, the number of average hits per day, the number of hits per visit, the number of visits, the number of average visits per day, the net number of visitors, average visitors per day, one-time visitors, visitors who have come more than twice, and average using hours, etc. These sites are deemed to be useful for utilizing data for the analysis of the situation and current status of rival companies as well as benchmarking. As keyword advertising exposes advertisements exclusively on search-result pages, competition among advertisers attempting to preoccupy popular keywords is very fierce. Some portal sites keep on giving priority to the existing advertisers, whereas others provide chances to purchase keywords in question to all the advertisers after the advertising contract is over. If an advertiser tries to rely on keywords sensitive to seasons and timeliness in case of sites providing priority to the established advertisers, he or she may as well make a purchase of a vacant place for advertising lest he or she should miss appropriate timing for advertising. However, Naver doesn't provide priority to the existing advertisers as far as all the keyword advertisements are concerned. In this case, one can preoccupy keywords if he or she enters into a contract after confirming the contract period for advertising. This study is designed to take a look at marketing for keyword advertising and to present effective strategies for keyword advertising marketing. At present, the Korean CPC advertising market is virtually monopolized by Overture. Its strong points are that Overture is based on the CPC charging model and that advertisements are registered on the top of the most representative portal sites in Korea. These advantages serve as the most appropriate medium for small and medium enterprises to use. However, the CPC method of Overture has its weak points, too. That is, the CPC method is not the only perfect advertising model among the search advertisements in the on-line market. So it is absolutely necessary that small and medium enterprises including independent shopping malls should complement the weaknesses of the CPC method and make good use of strategies for maximizing its strengths so as to increase their sales and to create a point of contact with customers.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제9권
• /
• pp.85-143
• /
• 1997

The main purpose of the investigation of an accident caused by aircraft is to be prevented the sudden and casual accidents caused by wilful misconduct and fault from pilots, air traffic controllers, hijack, trouble of engine and machinery of aircraft, turbulence during the bad weather, collision between birds and aircraft, near miss flight by aircrafts etc. It is not the purpose of this activity to apportion blame or liability for offender of aircraft accidents. Accidents to aircraft, especially those involving the general public and their property, are a matter of great concern to the aviation community. The system of international regulation exists to improve safety and minimize, as far as possible, the risk of accidents but when they do occur there is a web of systems and procedures to investigate and respond to them. I would like to trace the general line of regulation from an international source in the Chicago Convention of 1944. Article 26 of the Convention lays down the basic principle for the investigation of the aircraft accident. Where there has been an accident to an aircraft of a contracting state which occurs in the territory of another contracting state and which involves death or serious injury or indicates serious technical defect in the aircraft or air navigation facilities, the state in which the accident occurs must institute an inquiry into the circumstances of the accident. That inquiry will be in accordance, in so far as its law permits, with the procedure which may be recommended from time to time by the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO). There are very general provisions but they state two essential principles: first, in certain circumstances there must be an investigation, and second, who is to be responsible for undertaking that investigation. The latter is an important point to establish otherwise there could be at least two states claiming jurisdiction on the inquiry. The Chicago Convention also provides that the state where the aircraft is registered is to be given the opportunity to appoint observers to be present at the inquiry and the state holding the inquiry must communicate the report and findings in the matter to that other state. It is worth noting that the Chicago Convention (Article 25) also makes provision for assisting aircraft in distress. Each contracting state undertakes to provide such measures of assistance to aircraft in distress in its territory as it may find practicable and to permit (subject to control by its own authorities) the owner of the aircraft or authorities of the state in which the aircraft is registered, to provide such measures of assistance as may be necessitated by circumstances. Significantly, the undertaking can only be given by contracting state but the duty to provide assistance is not limited to aircraft registered in another contracting state, but presumably any aircraft in distress in the territory of the contracting state. Finally, the Convention envisages further regulations (normally to be produced under the auspices of ICAO). In this case the Convention provides that each contracting state, when undertaking a search for missing aircraft, will collaborate in co-ordinated measures which may be recommended from time to time pursuant to the Convention. Since 1944 further international regulations relating to safety and investigation of accidents have been made, both pursuant to Chicago Convention and, in particular, through the vehicle of the ICAO which has, for example, set up an accident and reporting system. By requiring the reporting of certain accidents and incidents it is building up an information service for the benefit of member states. However, Chicago Convention provides that each contracting state undertakes collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures and organization in relation to aircraft, personnel, airways and auxiliary services in all matters in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation. To this end, ICAO is to adopt and amend from time to time, as may be necessary, international standards and recommended practices and procedures dealing with, among other things, aircraft in distress and investigation of accidents. Standards and Recommended Practices for Aircraft Accident Injuries were first adopted by the ICAO Council on 11 April 1951 pursuant to Article 37 of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation and were designated as Annex 13 to the Convention. The Standards Recommended Practices were based on Recommendations of the Accident Investigation Division at its first Session in February 1946 which were further developed at the Second Session of the Division in February 1947. The 2nd Edition (1966), 3rd Edition, (1973), 4th Edition (1976), 5th Edition (1979), 6th Edition (1981), 7th Edition (1988), 8th Edition (1992) of the Annex 13 (Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation) of the Chicago Convention was amended eight times by the ICAO Council since 1966. Annex 13 sets out in detail the international standards and recommended practices to be adopted by contracting states in dealing with a serious accident to an aircraft of a contracting state occurring in the territory of another contracting state, known as the state of occurrence. It provides, principally, that the state in which the aircraft is registered is to be given the opportunity to appoint an accredited representative to be present at the inquiry conducted by the state in which the serious aircraft accident occurs. Article 26 of the Chicago Convention does not indicate what the accredited representative is to do but Annex 13 amplifies his rights and duties. In particular, the accredited representative participates in the inquiry by visiting the scene of the accident, examining the wreckage, questioning witnesses, having full access to all relevant evidence, receiving copies of all pertinent documents and making submissions in respect of the various elements of the inquiry. The main shortcomings of the present system for aircraft accident investigation are that some contracting sates are not applying Annex 13 within its express terms, although they are contracting states. Further, and much more important in practice, there are many countries which apply the letter of Annex 13 in such a way as to sterilise its spirit. This appears to be due to a number of causes often found in combination. Firstly, the requirements of the local law and of the local procedures are interpreted and applied so as preclude a more efficient investigation under Annex 13 in favour of a legalistic and sterile interpretation of its terms. Sometimes this results from a distrust of the motives of persons and bodies wishing to participate or from commercial or related to matters of liability and bodies. These may be political, commercial or related to matters of liability and insurance. Secondly, there is said to be a conscious desire to conduct the investigation in some contracting states in such a way as to absolve from any possibility of blame the authorities or nationals, whether manufacturers, operators or air traffic controllers, of the country in which the inquiry is held. The EEC has also had an input into accidents and investigations. In particular, a directive was issued in December 1980 encouraging the uniformity of standards within the EEC by means of joint co-operation of accident investigation. The sharing of and assisting with technical facilities and information was considered an important means of achieving these goals. It has since been proposed that a European accident investigation committee should be set up by the EEC (Council Directive 80/1266 of 1 December 1980). After I would like to introduce the summary of the legislation examples and system for aircraft accidents investigation of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden, Swiss, New Zealand and Japan, and I am going to mention the present system, regulations and aviation act for the aircraft accident investigation in Korea. Furthermore I would like to point out the shortcomings of the present system and regulations and aviation act for the aircraft accident investigation and then I will suggest my personal opinion on the new and dramatic innovation on the system for aircraft accident investigation in Korea. I propose that it is necessary and desirable for us to make a new legislation or to revise the existing aviation act in order to establish the standing and independent Committee of Aircraft Accident Investigation under the Korean Government.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.79-92
• /
• 2007

목 적: 전국 병원의 방사선종양학과에서 식도암으로 방사선 치료를 받은 환자들을 각 병원으로부터 입력 받아 세부 항목별로 분석하여 식도암 환자들의 구성과 특징을 파악하여 범국가적인 자료로 활용하는 한편 치료방침을 분석하여 향후 적절한 치료를 위한 가이드라인으로 삼고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 전국 병원의 방사선종양학과에서 1998년과 1999년의 2년간에 걸쳐 식도암으로 확진된 246명을 대상으로 하였다. 연간 400명 미만의 방사선치료 신환자 발생병원들을 A군, 400명 이상 900명 미만의 병원들을 B군, 그리고 900명 이상 신환자가 발생하는 병원을 C군으로 분류하여 최종적으로 A군에서 12병원, B군에서 8개 병원, 그리고 C군에서 3개의 병원이 연구에 참여하였다. 이미 개발된 Web-based Korean PCS system을 통해 각 병원으로부터 직접 자료를 입력 받아 이를 세부 항목별로 분석하였고 통계적 처리는 SPSS version 12.0.1을 사용하고 범주형 자료는 Chi-squared test를 사용하였고 연속변수는 ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test를 적용하였다. 결 과: 입력된 환자들의 성별 분포는 남자 224명(91.1%), 여자 22명(8.9%)이었고 연령별 중앙값은 62세 전후였다. 진단 및 병기결정을 위한 검사로는 식도 촬영술(228명, 92.7%), 식도내시경(226명, 91.9%) 및 흉부 식도 CT 스캔(238명, 96.7%)을 주로 시행하였다. 편평상피암이 대종을 이루어 237명(96.3%)의 환자에서 관찰되었고 중흉부식도(mid-thoracic esophagus)에서 발생한 식도암이 가장 많았다(110명, 44.7%). 임상 병기는 III기가 과반수 이상을 차지하였다(135명, 54.9%). 방사선 치료만 받은 경우는 57명(23.2%), 방사선 치료와 수술을 병용한 경우는 전체의 15%인 37명, 항암약물 치료와 방사선 치료를 병용한 경우는 123명(50%)이었다. 수술과 방사선 치료를 병행한 경우 전례에서 수술을 먼저 시행한 후 방사선 치료를 하였다. 항암치료를 방사선치료와 병행한 경우 반수 이상에서(70명, 56.9%) 동시항암방사선 치료를 시행하였고 31명(25.2%)에서 항암치료 후 방사선치료를 또는 항암요법 단독치료 후 동시항암방사선치료를(13명, 10.6%) 시행하였다. 방사선 치료는 6 MV (116명, 47.2%)와 10 MV (87명, 35.4%)의 X-ray가 대종을 이루었다. 방사선 치료 시 조사야는 longitudinal margin의 경우 중앙값은 7.0 cm이었지만 각 군별로 현저한 차이가 있었다(A군; 5.5 cm, B군; 8.0 cm, C군; 14.0 cm). 계획용 CT를 사용하지 않고 고식적인 AP/PA 조사야를 사용하여 치료한 경우가 대부분이었는데(206명, 83.7%) 이 때 방사선 조사량의 중앙값은 3,600 cGy이었다. 이후 추가 방사선 치료 시 계획용 CT를 사용하지 않고 2-oblique fields 사용하여 치료한 경우가 87명(35.4%)이었는데 방사선 조사량의 중앙값은 1,800 cGy이었다. 전 환자에서 1일 1회 180 cGy로 치료하였다. 전 환자에서 조사된 총 방사선량의 중앙값은 5,580 cGy이었다. 수술 후 방사선 치료를 시행한 경우 중앙값은 5,040 cGy이었고 수술을 받지 않은 환자 중앙값은 5,940 cGy이었다. 근접조사 방사선 치료는 총 34명(13.8%)에서 시행되었고, 전 환자에서 high dose rate Iridium-192를 사용하였다. 조사범위는 종양에서 longitudinal margin의 중앙값은 1 cm, prescribed isodose curve에서 axial length의 평균값은 8.25 cm, 폭은 2 cm, 그리고 전후 폭의 중앙값도 2 cm이었다. Fraction size의 중앙값은 300 cGy이었는데 B군의 경우는 500 cGy이었다. 총 분할 횟수는 $3{\sim}4$회가 대부분이었다. 한편, 방사선 치료 중 발생한 급성 부작용은 식도염이 가장 많았는데 전체 246명 환자 중 155명(63.0%)에서 발생하였다. 결 론: 전국 23개 병원의 식도암 환자 치료 Data를 분석해 본 결과 대부분의 병원에서 환자의 특징과 진단 및 병기 결정 방법, 치료의 유형 등에서 유사한 결과를 보였으며 신환 발생 수에 따른 병원 규모의 차이는 조사 결과에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 하지만 병원 규모가 클수록 10 MV 이상의 고에너지로 치료하는 경향이 많았으며 3D CT Plan도 병원 규모가 클수록 활용도가 높았다. 조사 야의 면적도 병원 군별로 차이를 보였다. 향후 더 많은 환자를 입력하여 생존율 분석까지 이루어지면 이 연구는 식도암 치료방침의 결정에 중요한 guideline을 제시해 줄 것으로 사료된다.