• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2021

The aim of the article is to study the role of informal institutions in the development of the financial services market. The study outlines the concepts of scholars to identify the main types of informal institutions. The mechanism of research of influence of the informal factor on functioning of economic object is developed. The main types of informal institutions are systematized. The main informal institutions influencing the development of the financial services market are considered. The application of a synergetic approach to the consideration of the impact of the institution of trust on the financial services market is proposed.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2022

The study aims to examine the interaction of formal and informal institutions for strengthening economic development, particularly entrepreneurship growth. The research will also assess the impact of control variables on political index within the formal and informal markets. The research is quantitative, which analyses panel data of 6 years in 22 countries comprising middle and high-income countries with diversified and unique political, economic, and social systems. The findings suggested that reducing the entry regulation and promoting the social capital within the formal and informal institutions would grow formal and informal entrepreneurship and be a greater source for new venture creation. Moreover, the political index, a control variable, was found significant in the relationship of institutional mix with formal and informal entrepreneurship. Entry regulations in formal and informal institutions are a complex phenomenon in the entrepreneurship literature, moderated by the political development index as tested by the current study. The time horizon for this paper is much longer since it analyzes 6 years (2014-2019) of data on 22 developing and developed countries to see the entrepreneurial growth across multiple regions on different income levels, geographic conditions, and contrasting political and social systems.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2022

Women entrepreneurs play a vital role in employment creation, economic development, and growth. Women entrepreneurship is deep-rooted in the social and cultural norms and values of society. Women's entrepreneurship contribution is still invisible and needs to be properly investigated. The current research study explores "how institutions affect women's entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan" by using institutional and social cognitive theories. Focusing on the Formal and informal institutions, this research examines how institutions are affecting women's entrepreneurial performance by taking the mediating role of women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ethical decision making. A 7-point Likert scale research questionnaire is used to collect primary data. Data on active entrepreneurs are collected from the Peshawar, Mardan, and Abbottabad divisions of KPK's Women Chambers of Commerce. The data is empirically tested through the path analysis technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) through SMART PLS 3. The results indicated that women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ethical decision-making strongly mediate both institutions and significantly affect women's entrepreneurial performance. The study suggests that government and concerned departments should pay due attention to determinants like informal institutions and social constraints to boost women's entrepreneurial performance.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2017

The essence of inclusive innovation is to serve poor, marginalized and underprivileged sections of society to improve their livelihoods and enable them to climb up the socio-economic ladder. In this article, we explore the contemporary Indian landscape. There is a diversity of institutions and institutional approaches, multiple methodologies and goals in promoting inclusive innovations in this landscape. There are grassroots innovation institutions. All these institutions and groups have demonstrated how to improve the living conditions of poor people and enhance their income. They have developed different methodologies of inclusive innovation to intervene, build capacities and capabilities of poor people towards bridging informal and formal sectors of economy. Indian landscape can now boast of some successful models and a "social laboratory" for inclusive innovation. The challenge, however, remains to replicate and multiply these models to impact other sectors of Indian informal economy.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2021

The condition of financial services in Indonesia is unique, based on various characteristics, behaviors, and preferences. Therefore, the study of finance and banking is interesting to study as a recommendation for government policies. This paper aims to analyze the barriers to accessing formal financial services in Indonesia and why informal financial services are preferred. This paper presents a case study of financial inclusion in selected provinces in Indonesia using the SOFIA dataset from the Ministry of National Development Planning. Overall, this data consists of 20,000 individuals from 4 provinces and 93 regions representing the population in eastern Indonesia. The analysis was carried out by processing individual-level cross-sectional data surveyed in 2017 using the probit binary logistic method. The results identify the individual barriers in accessing formal financial services, including account ownership, saving, and credit activities in the formal financial institutions, and amplify the image by analyzing what determinants affect people to choose informal institutions. We found that some individual characteristics such as age, gender, education, income, employment status, residence, and access to technology significantly affect the barrier to formal financial services in East Indonesia.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2024

This paper presents a critical analysis of the current application of big data in higher education and how Learning Analytics (LA), and Educational Data Mining (EDM) are helping to shape learning in higher education institutions that have applied the concepts successfully. An extensive literature review of Learning Analytics, Educational Data Mining, Learning Management Systems, Informal Learning and Online Social Networks are presented to understand their usage and trends in higher education pedagogy taking advantage of 21st century educational technologies and platforms. The roles of and benefits of these technologies in teaching and learning are critically examined. Imperatively, this study provides vital information for education stakeholders on the significance of establishing a teaching and learning agenda that takes advantage of today's educational relevant technologies to promote teaching and learning while also acknowledging the difficulties of 21st-century learning. Aside from the roles and benefits of these technologies, the review highlights major challenges and research needs apparent in the use and application of these technologies. It appears that there is lack of research understanding in the challenges and utilization of data effectively for learning analytics, despite the massive educational data generated by high institutions. Also due to the growing importance of LA, there appears to be a serious lack of academic research that explore the application and impact of LA in high institution, especially in the context of informal online social network learning. In addition, high institution managers seem not to understand the emerging trends of LA which could be useful in the running of higher education. Though LA is viewed as a complex and expensive technology that will culturally change the future of high institution, the question that comes to mind is whether the use of LA in relation to informal learning in online social network is really what is expected? A study to analyze and evaluate the elements that influence high usage of OSN is also needed in the African context. It is high time African Universities paid attention to the application and use of these technologies to create a simplified learning approach occasioned by the use of these technologies.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.169-180
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• 2016

본 논문은 에티오피아 티그레이의 농촌 마을의 사회적 기구가 소작농의 농업 투자 등 위험에 대한 성향에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 연세대학교 빈곤문제연구소는 2014년과 2015년에 에티오피아 북동부에 위치한 티그레이 지역의 두 마을에서 관련 설문자료를 수집하였다. 주요 결론으로서, 지역에서 노동력을 분담하는 기구인 Debo (한국의 품앗이)에 참가하거나 조언 및 도움을 구할 수 있는 조력자가 있을 경우 위험에 적극적인 태도를 보여주었다. 반면, 결혼 및 장례식에 대비하여 보험 역할을 하는 Iddir나 사적금에 해당하는 Equub (한국의 계)에 참여하는 가구의 경우 상대적으로 위험에 적극적인 태도를 보여주지는 않았다. 하나의 정책 제안으로서 빈곤국의 농촌 개발 및 지원시 위험에 적극적인 가구를 선택하여 집중적으로 지원하거나, Debo와 같은 마을내 노동협력 기구를 중심으로 원조 교육 계획을 수립할 필요가 있다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.107-121
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to explore the determining factors of foreign direct investment(FDI) of Korea by using institutioanl theory. In addition, this study divides institutional facts into the formal and the informal institutions. The empirical test implements multiful regression analysis focuing on korean electronics and automotive industry. The dependent variables are FDI outflow and the independent ones are corruption, econimic freedom, political risk, human development, and culturan distance. According to the empirical results, corruptin and human development have positive effects on Korean FDI outflow. On the other hand, political risks and economic freedom have negative effects on Korean FDI outflow. This results indicate the importance of forman and informal institutional facotrs as determinants of Korean FDI outflow.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제69권2호
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• pp.9-30
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• 2017

체제의 전환은 정책의 변화나 정부의 교체보다는 덜 자주 발생한다. 사회경제 연합, 정치경제 제도, 공공정책의 양상이라는 체제를 구성하는 세 가지 요소 모두의 변화가 이루어질 때 체제의 전환은 가능하다. 이 연구는 한국 생활보장체제의 전환 가능성이 상당히 높은 지금의 시점에서 필요한 과제를 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 2절에서는 한국 생활보장체제의 전개과정과 특성을 필자의 선행연구들에서 주장한 '개발국가형 생활보장체제'의 관점에서 살펴보았다. 3절에서는 한국 생활보장체제의 전환을 위해 필요하다고 생각하는 3가지의 과제를 제시하였는데, 그것은 정치제도의 개혁, 재정지출 구조의 개혁, 그리고 비공식 취업의 축소 등이다. 이러한 과제들은 사회경제 연합의 변화와 새로운 정치경제 제도의 등장을 요구한다는 점에서 체제전환과 관련한 정책적 과제이다. 한편, 4절에서는 한국 사회복지의 새판 짜기와 관련하여 우리 학문 공동체에 붙여보고 싶은 두 가지의 토론거리를 결론을 대신하여 제기하였다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.199-209
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• 2004

The main purpose of this study is to explore a social capital paradigm which can be applied to many forms of social capital and intangible goods. The social capital paradigm introduces a new form of capital. This new form of capital produces a flow of socio-emotional goods that have value. Moreover, these socio-emotional goods can attach themselves to the objects used to convey them and change their value and meaning. This change in value and meaning is defined as attachment values. Exchanges of socio-emotional goods occur in networks where social capital resides. Formal and informal institutions provide order and meaning to exchanges of tangible and intangible goods. Social capital is a powerful resource that makes our choices interdependent. The social capital paradigm does not alter or contradict the basic economic theories of exchange. While the social capital paradigm accepts that selfish preferences motive many actions, it adds that sympathy and the desire to consume socio-emotional goods are powerful motivators. In case of marine affairs, ocean and fishing villages and their culture have been not only a fundamental basis of fisheries development but they also have made a great deal of contribution to forming social capital. In spite of this fact, the main reason that the problems of fisheries fishing villages fishermen in our society are kept at a distance is because they have been loosing their capability of forming social capital and producing socio-emotional goods, in addition to lowered relative economic share.