• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.170-174
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• 1997

자연정화방법 중 처리효과가 널리 알려진 인공습지를 농공단지 폐수처리에 적용할 수 있는지 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 천안시에 위치한 백석농공단지에 시작품을 설치하여 현장실험한 결과를 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 처리조의 폐수유입량은 약 $0.2m^3/m^2\;{\cdot}$일이었으며 처리조내의 이론적인 체류기간은 약 1.05일이었다. 1. 유입폐수의 농도가 방류수 수질기준치보다 낮은 경우가 많았는데, 특히 T-N과 T-P는 지속적으로 모두 기준치보다 크게 낮아서 이 부분은 처리가 불필요한 정도이었으며, 평균처리율은 T-N, T-P가 각각 41%, 50% 정도를 유지하였다. 2. DO의 경우는 유입수보다 유출수의 농도가 높아서 깊이 0.6m의 처리조내에 산소가 대기로부터의 재폭기를 통하여 원활히 공급되며, 호기성처리에 문제가 없음을 알 수 있다. 3. BOD와 COD는 유입수의 농도 변화폭이 컸는데, 이에 따라 유출수의 농도도 수질기준치를 초과하는 경우가 많았다. 평균처리율이 BOD는 약 56%이며 COD는 약 43%로 처리효과는 뚜렷하였으나, 유입수의 농도가 높으면 수질기준치를 만족시키지 못하였고, 특히 기온이 낮으면 효율이 낮아져 인공습지방법의 본격적인 적용을 위해서는 이 부분을 보안하기 위한 추가연구가 요구된다. 그러나 이와 같이 기온이 떨어지는 시기에도 BOD와 COD가 각각 50.2%와 43%의 처리율을 유지하였다. 4. SS는 유입수의 농도가 60mg/l까지 변화하였으나, 유출수는 지속적으로 15mg/l 이하로 낮아서 인공습지에 토양으로 구성된 처리조를 통과하며 SS는 매우 효과적으로 제거됨을 알 수 있었다. 5. 인공습지에 의한 처리방법을 항구적으로 도입하기 위해서는 온도가 떨어지는 10월 이후의 보온대책을 연구하여 겨울철에도 처리효율을 유지할 수 있는 방법을 강구해야 할 것이다. 6. 본 연구결과에 의하면 전반적으로 인공습지를 농공단지 폐수처리에 적용시킬 수 있다고 판단되며, BOD와 COD 처리의 부족한 부분은 보완성 추가처리를 병행하면 효과적으로 해결할 수 있다고 생각한다. 특히 이 방법에는 시설비, 에너지, 그리고 전문적인 유지관리가 거의 필요없어서 매우 경제적이고 실용적임을 고려하면 농공단지 폐수처리뿐만 아니라 생활오수나 축산폐수 등 응용범위를 확대할 수 있다고 생각한다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.205-225
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• 2021

Due to the large-scale production and use of synthetic chemicals in industralized countries, various chemicals are found in the aquatic environment, which are often termed as micropollutants. Effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as one of the major sources of these micropollutants. In this article, the current status of occurrence and removal of micropollutants in WWTPs and their management policies and options in domestic and foregin countries were critically reviewed. A large number of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial chemicals are found in WWTPs' influent, and are only partially removed by current biological wastewater treatment processes. As a result, some micropollutants are present in WWTPs' effluents, which can negatively affect receiving water quality or drinking water source. To better understand and assess the potential risk of micropollutants, a systematic monitoring framework including advanced analytical tools such as high resolution mass spectrometry and bioanalytical methods is needed. Some Western European countries are taking proactive approach to controlling the micropollutants by upgrading WWTP with enahnced effluent treatment processes. While this enahnced WWTP effluent treatment appears to be a viable option for controlling micropollutant, its implementation requires careful consideration of the technical, economical, political, and cultural issues of all stakeholders.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.37-48
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate adaptability of external carbon source using GPS-X program in pilot plant composed with 2-stage denitrification process. The result from analysis of pilot plant operation and GPS-X simulation showed that effluent concentration could be simulated similarly by modifying operation conditions, such as DO concentration, C/N ratio and other calibrated parameter. In order to satisfy the standard of the effluent water quality on T-N of 20mg/L, it required approximately 3.1 of C/N ratio and 50% of nitrogen removal efficiency when influent T-N is 36.9mg/L. To maintain the stable water quality of the receiving water, the effluent T-N concentration should be less than 10-15mg/L and the appropriate C/N ratio to remove nitrogen was 4.27-6.82. The analysis of sensitivity to kinetic coefficient and reaction constant showed that $Y_H$ and ${\mu}_{mAUT}$ were most sensitive to nitrate and ammonia nitrogen, relatively and sensitivity coefficient of their were 1.32, 1.98. It was concluded that as $Y_H$ decreased and ${\mu}_{mAUT}$ increased, the reaction rates of denitrification and nitrification increased and the removal efficiencies of $NO_3{^-}-N$ and $NH_4{^+}-N$ improved.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2001

Treatment efficiency was examined of a pond-wetland system constructed for water quality conservation of Koheung Estuarine Lake over one year after its establishment in July 2000. The system is composed of primary and secondary ponds in series and six wetland cells in parallel. Cattails (Typha angustiflora) were planted in three wetland cells and common reeds (Phragmites australis) in three other cells. Water pumped from Sinyang Stream flowing into the Lake was funneled into primary pond whose effluent was discharged into secondary pond by gravity flow. Effluent from secondary pond was distributed into each wetland cell. SS, $BOD_5$, T-N, and T-P concentrations in influent to primary pond, and effluent from primary pond, secondary pond, and three wetland cells planted with cattails were analyzed for about one year from August 2000 to August 2001. The removal rates at primary pond for SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were 29%, 30%, 15%, and 36%, respectively. The abatement rates at secondary pond for SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were 38%, 40%, 30%, and 47%, respectively. The reduction rates measured at three cattail-planted wetland cells for SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were 54%, 57%, 60%, and 68%, respectively. Considering early stage of the pond-wetland system and inclusion of winter during the research period, its treatment efficiency was rather good. Cattails had not yet grown to dense stands due to initial establishment period, which resulted in slightly lower treatment efficiencies of wetland cells for these pollutants, compared with those of ponds.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

Methanotrophic denitrification under a non-aerated condition (without external supply of oxygen or air) was investigated in a bioreactor coupled with a membrane diffuser. Batch experiment demonstrated that both methane consumption and nitrogen production rates were not high in the absence of oxygen, but most of the nitrate was reduced into $N_2$ with 88% recovery efficiency. The methane utilized for nitrate reduction was determined at 1.63 mmol $CH_4$/mmol $NO_3{^-}$-N, which was 2.6 times higher than the theoretical value. In spite of no oxygen supply, methanotrophic denitrification was well performed in the bioreactor, due to enhanced mass transfer of the methane by the membrane diffuser and utilization of oxygen remaining in the influent. The denitrification efficiency and specific denitrification rate were 47% and 1.69 mg $NO_3{^-}-N/g\;VSS{\cdot}hr$, respectively, which were slightly lower than for methanotrophic denitrification under an aerobic condition. The average concentration of total organic carbon in the effluent was as low as 2.45 mg/L, which indicates that it can be applicable as a post-denitrification method for the reclamation of secondary wastewater effluent. The dominant fatty acid methyl ester of mixed culture in the bioreactor was $C_{16:1{\omega}7c}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}7c}$, which was predominantly found in type I and II methanotrophs, respectively. This study presents the potential of methanotrophic denitrification without externally excess oxygen supply as a post-denitrification option for various water treatment or reclamation.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.367-377
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• 2019

In this study, the fate and removal of 15 pharmaceuticals (including stimulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, etc.) in unit processes of a sewage treatment plant (STP) were investigated. Mass loads of pharmaceuticals were 2,598 g/d in the influent, 2,745 g/d in the primary effluent, 143 g/d in the secondary effluent, and 134 g/d in the effluent. The mass loads were reduced by 95% in the biological treatment process, but total phosphorous treatment did not show a significant effect on the removal of most pharmaceuticals. Also, mass balance analysis was performed to evaluate removal characteristics of pharmaceuticals in the biological treatment process. Acetaminophen, caffeine, acetylsalicylic acid, cefradine, and naproxen were efficiently removed in the biological treatment process mainly due to biodegradation. Removal efficiencies of gemfibrozil, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were not high, but their removal was related to sorption onto sludge. This study provides useful information on understanding removal characteristics of pharmaceuticals in unit processes in the STP.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.911-919
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was evaluated economical effect to apply alternative external carbon source. Conventional activated sludge process in municipal wastewater treatment plant was adapted and introduced to Biological nutrient removal processes to meet the newly enforced effluent quality standard for nutrient removal in Korea. Low $COD/NH_4^+-N$ ratio and higher nutrient concentration of influent characteristics force to inject external carbon source for denitrifying recycled nitrate. In the most case, methanol was used as external carbon source. But Methanol is expensive and very dangerous in handling. So we could find cheaper and safer external carbon source substituted methanol in last study. This alternative external carbon source is named RCS(recoverd carbon source) and a by-product of fine chemical product at chemical plant. When RCS was applied real municipal wastewater treatment plant, average $55\~65\%$ of T-N removal efficiency, 8.8mg/l of effluent T-N concentration, 11.3mg/l of effleunt COD concentration were obtained without effluent COD increase as against used methanol. To apply RCS in municipal wastewater treatment plant obtain approximately $\74.5%$ expenditure cost reduction in comparison with methanol dosage cost.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.216-222
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• 2017

현재 국내 하수처리장 방류수 질소 수질 기준 개정의 필요성에 대한 의견들이 지속적으로 제안되고 있다. 하지만, 명확한 근거 없이 기준이 강화될 경우 국내 하수처리장에 혼란을 야기할 것이 자명하다. 본 연구에서는 장기 배양법을 기반으로 용량 및 산업단지 연계 처리에 따른 국내 하수의 질소 성상을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 하수처리장에서 처리되기 어려운 질소 성분인 NBDDON는 1.0 ~ 1.9 mg/L 범위를 보였으며, 하수처리장 용량이 적을수록 DON 농도 & NBDDON/DON가 증가하였다. 또한 도시하수를 처리하는 하수처리장보다 산업단지 하수처리장의 NBDDON/DON 비가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 향 후 국내 하수처리장 방류수 수질 기준 개선을 위한 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 것이라 전망한다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.628-636
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• 2008

축산폐수를 처리하기 위한 2상 혐기성소화(TPAD)공정을 생물학적 질소제거공정(BNR)과 결합하여 운전하였다. 질산화된 유출수를 TPAD 공정의 산생성 반응조로 반송할 경우 탈질반응이 산생성 반응에 미치는 영향과 효율을 관찰하였다. 질산화된 유출수의 반송은 유입된 COD의 VFA로의 전환율을 향상시켰다. 질산화된 유출수에 적응된 산생성 슬러지의 산생성 속도는 적응되지 않은 슬러지보다 6배 빠른 것으로 관찰되었다. 탈질반응은 생성된 VFA를 탄소기질로써 사용하였지만 산생성 활성도를 향상시킬 수 있었다. 탈질속도는 COD/N비에 영향을 받았지만, 질산성 질소에 대한 산생성 슬러지의 적응여부에 더욱 지배적인 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 산생성 슬러지에 의한 탈질반응은 0차 반응을 보였으며 탈질속도는 1.31$\sim$1.90 mg/L$\cdot$h이었다. 반면, 질산화된 유출수에 적응된 산생성 슬러지의 탈질속도는 3.30 mg/L$\cdot$h로 거의 2배가 빠른 것으로 나타났다. COD/N비 10에서 1g의 질산성 질소를 탈질반응에 의해 제거하는데 소비된 COD의 양론비는 5.1$\sim$6.4 범위이었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

Treatment level and pond reactions of a pond system were examined from May to October 2002. The system was constructed in July 2000 for purifying water of Sinyang stream that flows into Koheung Estuarine Lake located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The system was composed of a primary and a secondary pond in series and established on the rice field near the lake. Water pumped from the stream was funneled into the primary pond, whose effluent was discharged into the secondary pond by gravity flow. Effluent from the secondary pond was funneled into wetlands. About 130 $m^3$/day of water was pumped into the primary pond and detention time of the primary and secondary pond was about 2 days. DO from the surface to the 1.0 m depth of the primary and secondary pond was in the rage of 5.2 to 11.0 mg/L and 4.3 to 0.7 mg/L, respectively. DO at the bottom layer of the primary pond was 0 mg/L and that of the secondary pond ranged 3.0~4.7 mg/L. The primary pond functioned as a facultative pond and the secondary as an aerobic one. The temperature difference between the surface and bottom layers of the ponds in August was about $2.5^{\circ}C$ and that in May and October was about $1.0^{\circ}C$. Thermocline was observed in the primary pond during the high ambient temperature of August. The sludge depth of the primary pond in May, August, and October was 2.4, 1.9, and 2.2 cm, respectively. That of the secondary pond was 1.2, 1.0, and 1.1 cm, respectively. SS, $BOD_5$, T-N, and T-P concentrations in influent averaged 16.64, 6.71, 6.21, and 0.23 mg/L and those in effluent from the primary pond averaged 11.48, 4.97, 4.81, and 0.17 mg/L, respectively. The removal rates of the primary pond for SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were 31%, 26%, 22%, and 24%, respectively. Average concentrations of SS, $BOD_5$, T-N, and T-P in effluent from the secondary pond were 9.81, 4.07, 4.03, and 0.14 mg/L, respectively and the abatement rates of the secondary pond for SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were 20%, 12%, 13%, and 15%, respectively. SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P concentrations in effluent from the primary pond were significantly low(p=0.001) when compared with those from the secondary one.