• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.329-334
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the clinical and epidemiologic features and outcomes among children hospitalized with pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 infection. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of hospitalized pediatric patients (<18 years) diagnosed with pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 infection by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea, between September 2009 and February 2010. Results: A total of 72 children were hospitalized with pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 infection (median age, 6.0 years; range, 2 months to 18 years). A total of 40% had at least 1 underlying medical condition, including asthma (17%), malignancies (19%), and heart diseases (17%). Of the 72 patients, 54 (76%) children admitted with H1N1 infection showed radiographic alterations compatible with pneumonia. There was no significant difference in pre-existing conditions between pandemic influenza A/H1N1 infected patients with or without pneumonia. Children with pandemic influenza A/H1N1 pneumonia were more likely to have a lower lymphocyte ratio (P=0.02), higher platelet count (P=0.02), and higher level of serum glucose (P=0.003), and more commonly presented with dyspnea than did those without pneumonia (P=0.04). Conclusions: No significant differences in age, sex, or presence of preexisting conditions were found between children hospitalized with pandemic influenza A/H1N1 H1N1 influenza infection with pneumonia and those without pneumonia. Higher leukocyte count, higher glucose level, and a lower lymphocyte ratio were associated with the development of pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza pneumonia.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.185-188
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• 2001

A weakened wild feral pig (a boar of about 15 kg) with snout distortion and characteristic external lesion of infectious atrophic rhinitis was captured at farm land near low mountains in Chinju, Kyeongnam province. This pig was necropsied and then the snout parts and the parenchymal organs were removed. The snout and nose were transversely sectioned at thickness of 1.5 cm interval. Grossly, the right side of the snout was shorted than that of left by reduction of right nasal turbinate length, but the nasal opening exudate was not observed. At necropsy, degeneration, adhesion, occlusion, and asymmetry of left and right sides on the meatus and turbinate were observed and findings of mild pneumonia were observed. Microscopically, the leukocyte infiltration, hyperemia and hyperplasia on the mucosa of the turbinates and septum were observed. The atrophied periosteum and osseous tissue were also observed. But Bordetella bronchiseptica was not identified in culture from nasal swabs. We expect the possibility that the snout distortion of this pig was due to infectious atrophic rhinitis according to these findings.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.276-282
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• 1998

Staphylococcal pneumonia caused by staphylococcus aureus can be characterized by its severity and rapid progress as a bacterial infection. The disease shows a high mortality in younger patients, especially in infants unless early and appropriate treatment is carried out. Treatment can be made of medical method alone but in cases of surgical interventions are needed, immediate surgical methods such as closed or open drainage of pleural fluid, lobectomy and decortication should be followed with combination of medical therapy. The choice of antibiotic should be made by proper antibiotic sensitivities tests. For a methicillin sensitive S. areus(MSSA), the penicillase resistant penicillin would be the first choice and for a methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), the glycopeptides such as vancomycin would be the first one. Other drugs can also be used if the bacterial agents show any sensitivities to these drugs. Commonly, the chest roentgenographic findings reveal infiltrations, empyema, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, atelectasis or pneumatoceles in staphylococcal pneumonia and this fact easily can lead the physicians to its diagnosis as soon as possible. We experienced 5 cases of staphylococcal pneumonia in infants, proven by through bacterial cultures and report them with brief review of the related literatures.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2011

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a Serious clinical problem in the treatment of infectious diseases that increase mortality, morbidity, hospitalization length, and the cost of healthcare. In particular, $Streptococcus$ $pneumoniae$ is a major etiologic pathogen of pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, and meningitis. As the definition of penicillin resistance to $S.$ $pneumoniae$ was recently changed, macrolide-resistant $S.$ $pneumoniae$ is a major resistant pathogen in the community. Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains are associated with incorrect use of antibiotics and critical clinical outcomes. For the appropriate use of antibiotics to treat infections, physicians always should have up-to-date information on the current epidemiologic status of antibiotic resistance for common pathogens and their susceptibility to antimicrobials. Appropriate selection of antimicrobials, strict control of infection, vaccination, and development of a feasible national policy of infection control are important strategies for the control of antimicrobial resistance. This review article focuses on the current status of antibiotic-resistant $S.$ $pneumoniae$ in community-acquired pneumonia in Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.392-400
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• 2017

Background: Most patients with influenza recover spontaneously or following treatment with an anti-viral agent, but some patients experience pneumonia requiring hospitalization. We conducted a retrospective review to determine the incidence and risk factors of pneumonia in hospitalized patients with influenza A or B. Methods: A total of 213 patients aged 18 years or older and hospitalized with influenza between January 2012 and January 2015 were included in this study. A reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect the influenza A or B virus in the patients' sputum samples. We collected demographic and laboratory data, combined coexisting diseases, and radiologic findings. Results: The incidence of pneumonia was higher in patients in the influenza A group compared to those in the influenza B group (68.6% vs. 56.9%), but this difference was not statistically significant. The presence of underlying respiratory disease was significantly associated with pneumonia in the influenza A group (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.975; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.312-12.043; p=0.015). In the influenza B group, the white blood cell count (adjusted OR, 1.413; 95% CI, 1.053-1.896; p=0.021), platelet count (adjusted OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.978-0.999; p=0.027), and existence of an underlying medical disease (adjusted OR, 15.858; 95% CI, 1.757-143.088; p=0.014) were all significantly associated with pneumonia in multivariate analyses. Conclusion: The incidence of pneumonia was 65.7% in hospitalized patients with influenza A or B. The risk factors of pneumonia differed in hospitalized patients with influenza A or B.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.131-135
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• 1999

Respiratory Syncytial Virus(RSV) causes acute respiratory tract infections in young infancy such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia. RSV infections are uncommon in the first month of life. Clinical manifestations of neonatal RSV infection are respiratory symptoms, apnea and bacterial sepsis like illness such as lethargy, poor feeding, fever, rash. We report a case of neonatal pneumonia caused by RSV and accompanied by transient apnea and favorable clinical outcome.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity, of mortality, and of expenditure of medical resources. The etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of CAP pathogens can differ by country. Treatment guidelines need to reflect the needs of individual countries based on pathogen susceptibility studies. Recent treatment guidelines for CAP in Korea were published by the Joint Committee of the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, the Korean Society for Chemotherapy, and the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases. In this article, the etiologies, diagnoses, treatments for CAP will be reviewed and compared to the recent published Korean guidelines for CAP treatment.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.205-213
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to confirm the compliance of the application of a ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle and understand its effects on the decrease in the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study with history control group design. Subjects were selected from January to June 2014, prior to the intervention using the ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle. Subjects were also selected from October 2014 to March 2015, 3 months after the intervention. The number of subjects was 112 before the intervention, and 107 after the intervention. Results: The number of nurses who followed the bundles increased from 8 out of 29 (27.6%) before the intervention to 19 out of 29 (65.5%) after the intervention (odd ratio= 4.99, confidence interval= 1.63-15.25, p= .004). There were 3 cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia before the intervention and 1 case after the intervention. The ventilator days were 2,143 days before the intervention and 2,232 days after the intervention. The ventilator-associated pneumonia rate of the 1,000 ventilator days was 1.40 before the intervention and decreased to 0.45 after the intervention. Conclusion: This study is meaningful, as there has been little research conducted regarding the application of the ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle in South Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.370-377
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• 2003

Background : Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is one of the most common cause of infection in patients with HIV infection. Recently, the incidence of PCP have been increasing in immunocompromised hosts without HIV infection. We compared the clinical characteristics of PCP between HIV infected and non-infected persons. Patients and Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 25 patients diagnosed as PCP from 1996 to 2002. Age, sex, underlying conditions, use of immunosuppressants, clinical courses, laboratory findings, treatment and prognosis were compared between HIV infected and non-infected persons. Results : Twenty-five patients with PCP were identified. 16 were HIV infected, and 9 were HIV non-infected. The mean age of overall patients was $43.4{\pm}13.2$ years. Underlying conditions in HIV non-infected persons were hematologic malignancy (7 cases), solid organ transplant (1 case), and autoimmune disease (1 case). Seven cases (77.8%) of HIV non-infected persons had a history of steroid use. Mean duration of symptoms was longer in HIV infected persons than in HIV non-infected persons, but it was not statistically significant. PaO2 was lower in HIV infected persons ($61.2{\pm}16.9$ mmHg vs. $65.4{\pm}15.4$), but it was not statistically significant. Chest X ray showed typical ground glass opacity in 12 cases (75%) of HIV infected persons and in 4 cases (44.4%) of HIV non-infected persons. Twelve cases (75%) of HIV infected persons were treated with steroid, as were 6 cases (66.7%) of HIV non-infected persons. Ventilator care was needed in 6 cases (37.5%) of HIV infected persons and in 2 cases (22.2%) of HIV non-infected persons. Mortality of HIV infected persons was 50%, and that of HIV non-infected persons was 11.1%. Conclusions : PCP showed some different clinical characteristics between HIV infected and non-infected persons. Prospective studies regarding the risk factors of PCP, prophylaxis, treatment and prognosis in HIV infected and non-infected persons are warranted.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.146-151
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• 2011

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of invasive infections including bacteremia and meningitis, as well as mucosal infections such as otitis media and pneumonia among children and adults. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was licensed for use among infants and young children in many countries including Korea. The routine use of PCV7 has resulted in a decreased incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) by the vaccine serotypes among the vaccinees and substantial declines in IPD among unvaccinated populations such as older children and adults as well. In addition, there are increasing evidences to suggest that routine immunization with PCV7 is changing the epidemiology of pneumococcal diseases such as serotype distribution of IPD, nasopharyngeal colonization, and antibiotic resistance patterns. In contrast, there is an increase in the number of IPDs caused by nonvaccine serotypes, though it is much smaller than overall declines of vaccine serotype diseases. Several vaccines containing additional serotypes have been developed and tested clinically in order to expand the range of serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Recently two new pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccines, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), have been approved for use in several countries including Korea. This report summarizes the recommendations approved by the Committee on Infectious Diseases, the Korean Pediatric Society.