• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.57-63
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• 1998

Stress or march fractures among military personnel, especially recruits, has been appreciated for many years. According to the classical references, the second metatarsal was one of the first sites identified as a focus for march fractures and radiological evidence of fracture appeared as late as several weeks. The purpose of this study was to document the clinical feature of march fractures in Korean infantry soldiers. From 1997 to 1998, at one infantry medical company of OO infantry corps in Korea, 15 (19cases) patients with march fracture were detected among infantry soldiers. There were some different finding in the fracture site and its clinical features from the previous foreign reports. 1. There were pain and local swelling in all cases as clinical manifestation. By physical examination, direct point tenderness on the location of the fractured metatarsal shaft was characteristic. 2. On roentgenographic examination, cortical fissuring or break was seen one week after onset of symptoms and external callus was seen from two weeks or at the least four weeks. Oblique view was more useful than AP view in the diagnosis of march fractures. 3. The third metatarsal was the most frequently involved site(7 cases, 48%). and the second metatarsal was Jess frequent(3 cases, 20%). This difference of frequent site with previous reports might be attributed to the relatively long shaft of the third metatarsal, but should be analyzed in further study. 4. The incidence of the development of march fracture was 1 per 104 infantry soldiers.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.71-75
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• 1998

The fact that, under similar training activities performed in the same environment, march fractures develop in only a certain percentage of the trainees indicates that intrinsic factors are affecting the prevalence of these fractures. Among these intrinsic factors, the relation between foot arch type and the occurance of march fractures was investigated in this study. From 1997 to 1998, at one infantry medical company of infantry corps in Korea, 15 march fracture patients were detected among infantry soldiers. Quantitative measures of the foot arch (longitudinal) structure of 15(30feet) march fracture patients were established and compared with those of 15(30feet) normal person. The results were as follows. 1. From the lateral X-ray film, three parameters (i.e. calcaneal angle, forefoot angle, height to length ratio)were defined to describe the structure of the longitudinal arch of the foot. 2. The mean value of the calcaneal angle of march fracture group and normal control group showed 16.4 degree, 20.5 degree respectively. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (P>0.006), but those of forefoot angle and height to length ratio were not. 3. In the calcaneal angle twenty-six feet(87%) of march fracture group were lower than 17 degrees but twenty-five feet(83%) of normal control group were more than 17 degrees. That is, march fracture were more prevalent in feet with low calcaneal angle. 4. In the low arch foot, the orthotic device might relieve the energy load carried by the foot, thus reducing the incidence of march fractures, and should be analyzed in further study.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the satisfaction level of military personnels dispatched to Iraq with foodservices in a bid to help establish an efficient overseas military foodservice system. A total of 300 soldiers who served in an army division dispatched to Iraq was surveyed for this study. Regarding connections between the type of management and satisfaction level with foodservices, the contracted cafeterias were more satisfactory in terms of service than the military selfoperated ones, which indicated that it’s urgently needed to improve the service of the military-run cafeterias. The present work force of the Ministry of Defence makes it hard to provide military personnels with specialized foodservices. The military foodservice should provide meals to soldiers with quality. More branded concepts should be improved in the view of cost and effect. Or it’s advisable to take advantage of private resources as part of efforts for civil-military collaboration.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.407-425
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• 2012

본 연구는 항일의병대를 소탕하기 위해 한국에 파견된 일본군 보병 제14연대가 작성한 "진중일지"의 전투약도를 고찰한 것이다. 분석결과, 이 일지에 기록된 전투상황보고에 의하면 일본군이 압승을 거두었다고 해도 과언이 아닐 정도로 토벌대의 일방적인 전투를 벌일 수 있었던 것은 지형도 때문이었음이 밝혀졌다. 또한 일본군이 사용한 작전지도는 군용비도라 불리는 1:5만 축척의 제1차지형도를 필사한 지도였음이 규명되었다. 토벌대가 사용한 지형도의 축척은 대부분 1:5만이었으나 경우에 따라서는 1:2만 축척의 지형도가 이용되기도 하였다. 이는 치밀한 군사작전을 위해 더 상세한 지형을 묘사하기 위해 제1차지형도를 확대한 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제34권
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• pp.20-58
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• 2001

In order to unravel the characteristics of arms used in the 'Three Kingdoms,' Kokuryo, Silla and Paikje. the classification and the developing procedures of the arms should be first discussed. At first, the basic arms of the soldiers of Three Kingdoms were iron swords, iron spearheads, and bows. During that period, swords attached a ring pommel were commonly used. But after 5A. D. a sword with a decoration pommel appeared. Infantry generally used iron spearheads. From the late 4A. D. the long spearheads were broadly used in cavalry battles. In the late 6A. D. infantry mainly used long spearheads, and this resulted in the foundation of long spearheads units. There were two kinds of bows: Short Bow whose arch is small and Long Bow whose arch is long. It is known that the Short Bow was widely used in Kokuryo and Paikje up to 5A. D. In the early era, infantry used Long Bow, yet it was vastly used after 6A. D. when a castle's strategical value was great and defending a castle was. significant. Above mentioned, as basic combat weapons, iron spearhead and bow were fundamental. In particular, the spearhead was the essential weapon to a soldier. Yet, arrow gun and hook-shape cutters were important weapons. Especially, after 6A.D., when a castle became strategically pivotal in military, the arrow gun became the important weapon. This resulted in the foundation of arrow gun units. Hook-shape cutters were used to snatch horsemen or to climb up to fall the castle. Yet, the cutter was not the Three Kingodoms' basic weapon. In addition, the three stages of arms development in the Three Kingdoms are formation stage, development stage, and settlement stage. The formation stage was the period when premitive military unit appeared in the Three Kingdoms. It ranged from 1B. C. to the mid 3A. D. At that time according to regions. there were two weapon systems operating: North area including Kokuryo and the northern part of Paikje and South area including Silla, Kaya and the southern part of Paikje. ln North area a sword with a ring attached at the end of the holder, iron spear with neck and mid-size flat holder and iron arrowhead with an extension to fix, were used. In this period, during a war calvary units were mostly used and their weapon systems seemed possibly to succeed in that of Kochosun. In the development stage, when LoLang's influence on surroundings became weak, Koguryo, Paikjae and Silla had directly contacted each other. In the late 3A.D. to the early 6A.D., Silla achieved a drastic improvement in weapon system. This was the period when Kokuryo played a leading role in arms race. Kokuryo's arms manufacturing techniques passed onto Silla, Kaya and Paikje. In combat strategy a joint operation between infantry and calvary prevailed even if their military tactics were different. In a calvary battle heavily armed horsemen played import roles at this period. The horsemen and even horses were heavily guarded with iron armors. After all, the appearance of fully armed horsemen implies the very need of powerful destructive forces in weapon system. At that time, basic weapons were a big sword with a ring attached at the end of the holder, swallow's tail-shape spear with neck, and iron spearhead with neck and an extension. The settlement stage began at the mid 6A.D., when it was the revolutionary period in the arms development history. Of course, actual proofs and picture documents were not sufficient enough to penetrate full scale of the weapon system. But, according to historical circumstances and historic records, it is very certain that this period was the peak in arms development. In this period special military units, such as infantry-calvary companies, Archery units and Long spear units, that executed particular duties with special weapons, were founded. This became the characteristics of the settlement stage.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제57호
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• pp.263-299
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• 2014

이 연구의 목적은 전통시대 무예서 언해에 보이는 무기명을 살펴보는 것이다. 이에 대한 결론을 종합적으로 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이 글이 대상으로 삼은 무예서는 1598년(선조 31) "무예제보", 1610년(광해군 2) "무예제보번역속집", 1759년(영조 35) "무예신보", 1790년(정조 14) "무예도보통지"이다. 둘째, 무예서에 나타나는 무기명은 "무예제보"에는 곤(棍), 등패(藤牌), 낭선(??), 장창(長?), 당파(??), 장도(長刀)의 6기, "무예제보번역속집"에는 권(拳), 청룡언월도(靑龍偃月刀), 협도곤(夾刀棍), 왜검(倭劒)의 4기, "무예도보통지"에는 장창(長槍), 죽장창(竹長槍), 기창(旗槍), 당파(??), 기창(騎槍), 낭선(狼?), 쌍수도(雙手刀), 예도(銳刀), 왜검(倭劒), 왜검교전(倭劒交戰), 제독검(提督劒), 본국검(本國劒), 쌍검(雙劒), 마상쌍검(馬上雙劒), 월도(月刀), 마상월도(馬上月刀), 협도(挾刀), 등패(藤牌), 권법(拳法), 곤방(棍棒), 편곤(鞭棍), 마상편곤(馬上鞭棍), 격구(擊毬), 마상재(馬上才)의 24기가 실려 있었다. 셋째, 무예서에 실려 있는 24기의 무기들은 창류, 도검류, 맨손과 봉류, 마상류의 4가지 유형으로 구분할 수 있었다. 무기명은 그 당시 국어표기로 다음과 같이 기술되어 있다. 창류는 장창(?창, 쟝창), 죽장창(?장창), 기창(긔창), 당파, 낭선의 5가지이다. 도검류는 쌍수도(쟝도, 쌍슈도), 예도, 왜검, 왜검교전, 제독검(졔독검), 본국검, 쌍검, 월도, 협도, 등 패의 10가지이다. 맨손과 봉류는 권법(권, 권법), 곤방(곤, 곤방), 편곤의 3가지이다. 마상류는 기창(긔창), 마상쌍검(마샹쌍검), 마상월도(마샹월도), 마상편곤(마샹편곤), 격구, 마상재()의 6가지이다. 넷째, 무예서 언해에 등장하는 창류들은 장병기의 기능을 하는 것과 보군들이 군사훈련용으로 사용하는 무기들로 나눌 수 있다. 도검류들은 단병기의 기능을 하는데, 보군들이 군사훈련용으로 사용하는 무기들이다. 맨손과 봉류들은 신체의 손과 발을 사용하고, 봉으로 치는 기능이 있으며, 보군들이 군사훈련용으로 사용하는 무기들이다. 마상류에는 도검, 편곤의 단병기와 창의 장병기가 있는데 마군들이 군사훈련용으로 사용하는 무기들이다. 이외에 격구와 마상재는 놀이를 가미한 유희(遊戱) 기예도 있었다. 다섯째, 한문 무예서와 무예서 언해본의 구성상의 차이를 살펴보면 한문본 문예서 "무예제보"와 "무예제보번역속집"에는 무기의 소개와 함께 본문에서 한문과 언해를 함께 표기하는 방식이었다면, 언해본이 실려있는 "무예도보통지"는 무기에 대한 설명을 한문본으로 정리하고, 별도의 언해본 1권을 제작하여 개별 보(譜)를 중심으로 실제의'세(勢)' 중심의 기법위주로 군사들이 실용적으로 습득할 수 있도록 설명하였다는 점이다.