• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.161-170
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• 1973

Information is presented and comparisons made on the behavior and reproduction of P. micropus and H. auritus collaris. Comments are made in observations of the apprearance and activities of new born H. auritus collaris and on maternal-infant relationships. Observations on size-weight relationships are made, especially for H. auritus collaris.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of children's behavior problems and child-rearing stress to rejective parenting attitude in mothers. Methods: Study participants were 595 mothers who had children aged 3 to 5 who attended one of 10 kindergartens or infant schools in M or B Cities. The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, CBCL (Child Behavior Check List), PARQ (Parenting Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire), and PSI (Parenting Stress Index Short Form by Abidin). Regression analysis was the statistical method used for data analysis. Results: The factors associated with rejective parenting attitude were child-rearing stress, birth order, mother's education, the major caregiver in the family, and the type of family. These factors explained 33.7% of rejective parenting attitude. Conclusion: The findings indicate a need to develop and provide parenting programs to reduce child-rearing stress in mothers.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2017

The objectives of this study were to assess food intake frequency and food behavior of infants and toddlers by using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ). A total of 368 subjects (infants 111, toddlers 257) in Ganghwa county were analyzed in this study. The NQ was examined using an NQ questionnaire, which consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items. The items were grouped into five categories: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 20, and significant difference was evaluated by Student's t-test and $x^2-test$. The BMIs of infants and toddlers were $16.54kg/m^2$ and $16.01kg/m^2$, respectively. The frequencies of consumption of vegetables and fruits were higher (p<0.001) in girls and toddlers compared to boys and infants, respectively. Food behavior of meal regularity (p<0.001), breakfast eating (p<0.001), and chewing well (p<0.001) were also higher in toddlers compared to infants. Total NQ score of infants and toddlers were 62.05 and 64.91, respectively, which were within medium grade. The NQ score of toddlers was higher than that of infants (p<0.0.5). NQ score was positively correlated with parent's education, monthly income, age, and exercise. Therefore, children and their parents need proper nutrition education and counseling to correct their eating habits and improve their nutritional status.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of in-service education on the nurse-newborn play interaction. The research design adopted the pre-experimental design applied only for one pretest-posttest group and Barnard's mother-infant interaction model was used as a conceptual framework. The subjects were 26 nurses who were selected from 2 nurseries in general hospital in Pusan, and 52 healthy newborns who were after 4 days from birth during data collection period at the same hospital. The data were collected from June 1st to October 5th in 2001, by video-taping for the interactive behaviors between the nurse and the newborn, played for 5 minutes in nurseries 2 weeks before and after in-service education. The in-service education consisted of the newborn's behavior responses focused on the newborn baby's states, behavior, cues and state modulation, 3 times per 1 week, 90 minutes per 1 time, lecture, demonstration and hand out project. The experimental tool used for this research was Ha Young-Soo's Korean translation of the Maternal-Infant Play Interaction Scale by Thompson, Jody Baird, Sara Gordman, Bryant(1982), some parts of which were adapted to be suitable for the purpose of this research. Mother and baby scale by Wolke & James-Roberts(1987) was also modified and used as the criterion of nurse's perception of a newborn baby. The results of this study were as follows: 1. This result supported the major hypothesis : After the intervention of in-service education, the nurse and newborn play interaction was promoted. 2. After intervention of in-service education, the nurse perception of newborn, especially the criteria of newborn's reaction was promoted., The results of this research confirm that in-service education on the newborn's behavior responses such as states, behavior, cues and state modulation is an effective way to improve the interaction between the nurse and the baby. It elevated the nurse's sensitivities to the baby's needs. Therefore, in-service education can change the conditions of current nursing practice mostly centered on physical care into a better one in which nurses consider the emotional, social, and intellectual development stages of babies. Accordingly, in-service education contributed to promoting the effective nurse-newborn play interaction so positively.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.64-78
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to measure the degree of gravidas' knowledge of infant care activity, and to identify the factors influencing the difference of gravidas' knowledge. The subjects of this study consisted of 159 gravida visited 2 general hospitals, 2 OB/GY clinics and 2 midwives' clinics in J city for anenatal care. The data were collected from December 1 to 30, J.989. The instrument used for this study was true false type question which was developed by investigator through literature review. Data were analyzed by percentage, mean, t-test and ANOVA on significant difference with SPSS program. The results of this study were, summarized as follow: 1) The degree of gravidas' knowledge of infant care activity was 36.75, the degree of gravidas' know ledge of physical care activicy was 16.70, and the degree of gravidas' knowledge of psychosocial care activity was 20.00. 2) Among the physical care activity knowledge items, the diaper should be changed whenever it is soiled, $\lceil$shortly after feeding is over, bathing is bad$\rfloor$, $\lceil$gently patted or stroked on the back when bubbling$\rfloor$, $\lceil$10 minutes time in bathing is appropriate$\rfloor$, $\lceil$infant is crying whenever he is hungry per 3-4 hours$\rfloor$, and "room humidity controled 60 percent, more or less> were over a' percentage of 80 of right answer. Among the physical care, accivity knowledge items. $\lceil$a reason for burping was the air' he has swallowed will rise to the top of his stomach and be eructated$\rfloor$, $\lceil$burping is advisable after the feeding$\rfloor$, $\lceil$dressing of umbilical area is not necessary$\rfloor$, $\lceil$the thermometer should not be boiled for disinfection$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is important chat the infant grasp the whole nipple within his mouth$\rfloor$, $\lceil$using alcohol sponge is bad whenever diaper is soiled", and $\lceil$when temperature is taken by the rectal method, infant legs shoud be grasped firmly_! were less than a percentage of 60 of right answer. 3) Among the psychosocial care activity knowledge items, $\lceil$it is nice, mother smile at bady frequently$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is nice, mother praise a bady frequently$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is nice, mother express bady's behavior$\rfloor$, $\lceil$talk frequently to the bady, the bady :should not be disturbed while feeding$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is nice, mother see a baby face to face , $\lceil$it is nice, mother concentrate one's attention on her baby while playing$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is nice, mother pat one's baby while he is feeding$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is advisable, the baby is allowed to touch mother's breast while he is feeding$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is advisable to stop feeding, if the baby protrudes one's tongue or cries while feeding$\rfloor$, $\lceil$baby is able to hear, see and smell$\rfloor$, $\lceil$it is nice, mother Concentrate one's attention on her baby while feeding$\rfloor$, and $\lceil$it is not advisable for mother to scold baby while he is crying out> were over a percentage of 80 of right answer. Among the psychosocial care activity knowledge items, $\lceil$Using' baby talks is bad when mother talks to baby> and $\lceil$it is nice, mother soothes the baby as soon as possible when he is crying I were less than a percentage of 60 of right answer. 4) There was statistically significant relationship between the degree of gravidas' knowledge of infant care activity and the demographic variables of gravida such as the age(p<0.01) and education level(p<0.01). From these results, it may be concluded that gravidas' knowledge of infant care activity is moderate level, and gravidas' knowledge of psychosocial care activity is greater than that of physical care activity. Also prenatal nursing educations should focus on subjects who have lower percentage of right answer in infant care activity knowledge items.dge items.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.995-1007
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• 2018

Changes in the physicochemical properties of ready-to-feed liquid infant formula (LIF) stored at different temperatures (10, 20, 30, and $40^{\circ}C$) for 6 mon, focusing on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content, color, pH, fat globule size distribution, and rheological properties were determined. The HMF content increased with storage time, and LIF stored at $40^{\circ}C$ had a higher HMF content than that of LIF stored at $10^{\circ}C$. The lightness ($L^*$) decreased while redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) increased with increasing HMF content. The fat globule size and pH of LIF stored at $10^{\circ}C$ did not change. However, in the case of LIF stored at $30^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$, the fat globule size increased and the pH decreased during storage for 6 mon. LIF stored at $40^{\circ}C$ had a higher apparent viscosity (${\eta}_{a,10}$) than that of LIF stored at $10^{\circ}C$, and the shear-thinning behavior of LIF stored at higher temperature was stronger than that of LIF stored at low temperature. The physicochemical changes of LIF during storage were accelerated by Maillard reaction (MR) at higher storage temperatures. Therefore, even if LIF is aseptically manufactured, we recommend that sterilized LIF should be stored at low temperature in order to minimize quality changes during storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1309-1321
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• 2011

Clothes for a 3 to 6 year-old toddler should be made in consideration of their behavioral characteristics since it is when the physical ability of toddlers has rapidly developed and their social, emotional, and cognitive development are increasingly active. Indoor clothes are the item that consumers prefer because they provide the function of outside underwear when functioning as outerwear when indoors that is used frequently for toddlers. We analyzed the wearing condition and the uncomfortable aspects of toddler's clothes worn indoors through consumer surveys of toddler wear. This study gathers data for the development of indoor clothing that is useful for 3-6 year old toddlers. Consumer surveys indicate that the clothes most worn indoors were underwear (69.4%). The most important aspect in the selection of indoor clothes was the suitability for activities (29%). The preferred colors for indoor clothes were found to be pastel-tone colors (66%). Regarding the uncomfortable aspects of indoor clothes, knees of the clothes (36.8%) have the most naps and the breast of the clothes (37.8%) dirty quickly. Knee parts (35.4%) become worn easily; in addition, the material for the knee area is likely to have naps and require special functions. In conclusion, designing toddler clothing requires elaborated design techniques that consider the characteristics of the subject group and reduce inconveniences. This study will serve as preliminary data to develop ultimate products that have the functionality to meet gender behavior characteristics and the aesthetics for toddlers 3 to 6 years of age.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.239-250
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Labor Support Behaviors (LSB) one-to-one application and partner's delivery participation on the delivery satisfaction and delivery results among mothers who delivered premature birth and low birth weight infant. Methods: The data were collected from 30 mothers in the experimental group and 27 in the control group from April 23, 2009 to April 22, 2010. The collected data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, $x^2-test$ (Fisher's exact test) and t-test with SPSS. Results: The satisfaction levels of the experimental group and the control group women were $3.73{\pm}0.43$ and $3.72{\pm}0.34$ as mean values, respectively, showing not statistically different (t=0.07, p=.945). None showed less than 7 point of Apgar score at 1 minute in the experimental group while 5 out of 27 did (18.5%) in the control group, which was statistically meaningful. Also, the emergent cesarian section cases were 3 out of 33 (9.1%) in the experimental group and 5 out of 32 (15.6%) in the control group, demonstrating lower emergency cesarian section rate in the experimental group than the control group, but showing not statistically different ($x^2=0.643$, p=.475). Conclusion: The results of this study show that LSB one-to-one application and partner's participation has affirmative effects on 1 minute Apgar scores of newborns.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.159-176
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• 1998

In effort to conduct comparative study on the caregiving environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) in both U. S and Korea, this study was been conducted first in the U.S. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to identify the physical environment and direct caregiving practices to lowbirth weight infants in NICU in the US. It also aims to examine the NICU outcome status and behavioral reponses of lowbirth weight infants. Methods : A study design using descriptive and inferential statistics was been conducted through an observational, field method. A sample of 15 preform infants admitted to NICU were recruited for the study. The subjects were those with birth weight between 1,000 gm to 1,500 gm, born at the gestation period of 27 to 33 weeks, and without any chromosomal or other genetic anomalies, major congenital infections, or maternal illness. Thirty minutes observation(three times of ten minutes of continuous observation)of the infant's behavior and physiological status, and an four-hour observation of the physical environment and direct care giving procedures were been conducted on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. The data to be collected were in four areas : the demograghic characteristics of the infants, the physical environment and care giving procedures, the frequency of the infant's designated behavior and physiological response, and NICU outcome variables. A descriptive analysis and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson r were been applied according to variable characteristics. Results : 1. Mother's mean age was 29.47. The sample consisted of 6 males and 9 females. Mean gestational ages were 29.17 weeks. Mean birth weight was 1236.33g. Mean Apgar scores at one minute were 6.6, and 7.8 at five minutes. 2. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light, X-ray screens and nursing station, in proximity to side-lamp, telephone and faucet on the third day after birth. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light and radio on the tenth day and in proximity to nursing station on the day of dischage from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 3. Nesting was the most applying aids to the infants. And foot roll, shielding and plastic frame were frequently using by nurses for facilitating well modulated restful posture. 4. There were statistically significant changes in the patterns of physical environment included locating the infant's incubator and bedding, specific aids to self regulation on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 5. Statistically significant changes were not appeared in the patterns of direct caregiving procedure to the infants included stress inducing or reducing manipulations on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 6. The stress response of the infants in NICU were significantly reduced as the infants grow older. 7. There were not statistically significant correlation between the physical envronment and the stress responses of the infants in NICU. 8. There were statistically significant correlation between the direct caregiving procedure to the infants and the stress response of the infants in NICU in the second and third observation on the day three. 9. Average weight gain per day from birth to discharge was 38.73g, number of days in the hospital was 42.60, number of days before bottle feeding was 3.6. Postconception age starting bottle feed ing was 31/sup +5/ weeks. Number of days on mechanical ventilator was average 7.64, 11.42 was an average number of days of oxygen need. Conclusion : It, thus, appears that to minimize the sensorymotor stimulation for the low birthweight preterm infant in NICU, manipulation of care giving practices to the babies whatever the stress inducing or reducing procedures, have to be limited in the immediate early stage after birth. And it needed to be reexamine to identify the appropriate and specific physical environment and the patterns of direct caregiving to the low birthweight preform infant as the infants grow older in NICU.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.992-1001
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to provide data for a nursing intervention to alleviate newborn pain clinically by investigating the effect of oral glucose. Methods: Subjects were newborns hospitalized in the nursery. Informed consent was obtained from parents of 60 newborns. A heel stick was carried out for a test on 3 groups; the experimental, placebo, and control group. The Neonatal infant pain scale(NIPS), respiration rate, heart rate, peripheral oxygen partial pressure($SpO_2$), and crying duration were measured to assess pain reaction. All neonatal behaviors were recorded on videotape. Results: There were significant differences in pain behavior during stimulus(F=4.195, p=.020), pain behavior immediately after blood-sampling (F=4.114, p=.021), and pain behavior 3 minutes after that (F=3.630, p=.033). However, there were no significant differences in heart rate, respiration rate, peripheral oxygen partial pressure or crying duration after the heel stick among the groups. Conclusions: Oral administration of glucose before a heel stick caused the reduction of neonatal pain behavior, which means that it has an effect of pain relief.