• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.599-607
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• 2000

본 연구는 연안의 부영양화에 주원인으로 지적되고 있는 비료공장의 질소를 struvite 결정화에 의해 제거하였다. Struvite의 결정화는 $MgNH_4PO_4$의 형태로 알칼리성 용액에는 불용성이다. 여천공단내 N 비료화학폐수는 유기물 및 질소의 농도가 각각 330mg/L 및 550mg/L로 질소의 농도가 높고 유기물의 농도가 낮은 폐수로 물리화학적 전처리없이 기존 생물학적 처리 방법으로는 불가능한 실정이다. 실험은 마그네슘원으로 간수와 $MgCl_2$ 및 $Mg(OH)_2$를 이용하였으며 반응시 미치는 물리화학적 영향인자를 검토하였다. 이때 질소의 제거효율은 각각 71, 81 및 83%이었으며 인의 제거효율은 각각 99, 98 및 93%이었다. 반응시 최적 pH는 10.5~11이었으며, 교반시간 변화에 따른 반응은 매우 신속히 진행되어 2분만에 완료되었다. 따라서 질소 및 인의 제거시에는 간수 및 $MgCl_2$를 이용한다면 짧은 시간에 높은 제거효율의 기대가 가능하며, 소금제조공정의 부산물인 간수의 이용은 화학약품을 대체하여 보다 경제적인 처리방법이 될 수 있다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2004

우리나라 산림행정 업무의 대부분은 서류 및 대장에 의존하고 있는 실정으로 신속, 정확하고 다양한 업무 처리를 위해서는 첨단의 공간정보기술을 이용한 과학적인 산림정보 관리시스템의 개발이 시급하다. 특히 지리정보시스템(GIS)과 항공사진 활용기술의 도입은 산림이용기본계획이나 산지개발, 산림자원 관리 및 산림보호 정책 등의 의사결정지원에 효율적으로 기여할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 GIS와 항공사진(1998년도 촬영)을 기반으로 주요 산림정보인 수치지도, 수치임상도, 임야도 및 관련 속성데이터 등을 가공하여 DBMS(data base management system) 내에 저장하였으며, 이를 기반으로 세부 응용시스템인 지번별 임야정보 검색, 산지이용개발 정보관리, 법정제한림 정보관리, 산림자원 정보검색 등의 인터페이스를 개발함으로써 산림 관련 실무자가 산림정보의 종합적인 공간분석 및 질의 검색이 가능한 산림정보 관리시스템을 구축하였다. 본 시스템의 구축으로 산림의 효율적 관리는 물론 경제적인 산림자원 및 임산업 육성과 쾌적한 산림환경을 조성할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 관련 부서들 간의 표준화된 공간 자료 공유와 과학적인 정보체계의 연동으로 산림자원 관리를 위한 집약된 공간 및 전자 정보화 인프라 구축의 기반을 마련할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1703-1718
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• 2014

An eco-friendly integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) farming technique was developed with the goal of resolving eutrophication by excess feed and feces as fish-farming by-products. A variety of seaweed species were tried to remove inorganic nutrients produced by fish farming. However, there have been few trials to use Sargassum fulvellum in an IMTA system, a species with a relatively wide distribution across regions with various habitat conditions, great nutrient removal efficiency and importance for human food source and industrial purposes. In this regard, our study tried to examine feasibility of using S. fulvellum in an IMTA system by analyzing growth characteristics of the species in an IMTA system comprising of rockfish (Sebastes shlegeli), sea cucumber (Stichopus japonocus) and the tried S. fulvellum (October 2011 - November 2012). We also monitored environment conditions around the system including current speed, water temperature and inorganic nutrient level as they may affect growth of S. fulvellum. S. fulvellum in the IMTA system, which were $15.72{\pm}5.67mm$ long at the start of the experiment in October 2011, grew to a maximum of $1093{\pm}271.13mm$ by May 2012. In September, seaweed growth was reduced to a minimum of $280{\pm}70.43mm$ in length. Then, S. fulvellum began to grow again reaching $325{\pm}196.19mm$ by November 2012. Wet weight of the seaweed was $4.01{\pm}1.89g$ at the start of the experiment and reached a maximum of $109.26{\pm}34.23g$ in May. The weight gradually declined to a low of $15.12{\pm}8.40g$ in September 2012. Weight began to increase once more, rising to $39.27{\pm}21.69g$ by November. During the experiment, the average velocity at the surface and the bottom was 6.5 cm/s and 3.4 cm/s, respectively. The water temperature ranged $5.0-23.5^{\circ}C$, which was considered suitable for growing S. fulvellum. Results of the study indicated no significant differences in inorganic nutrients between pre- and post-IMTA installation. It was thus concluded that S. fulvellum can be a suitable seaweed species to be used in an IMTA system.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2021

Background: Phosphogypsum is material produced as a byproduct in fertilizer industry and is generally used for building materials. This material may contain enhanced radium-226 (²²⁶Ra) activity concentration compared to its natural concentration that may lead to indoor radon accumulation. Therefore, an accurate measurement method is proposed in this study to determine ²²⁶Ra activity concentration in phosphogypsum sample, considering the potential radon leakage from the sample container. Materials and Methods: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) phosphogypsum reference material was used as a sample in this study. High-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma spectrometry was used to measure the activity concentration of the ²²⁶Ra decay products, i.e., ²¹⁴Bi and ²¹⁴Pb. Marinelli beakers sealed with three different sealing methods were used as sample containers. Due to the potential leakage of radon from the Marinelli beaker (MB), correction to the activity concentration resulted in gamma spectrometry is needed. Therefore, the leaked fraction of radon escaped from the sample container was calculated and added to the gamma spectrometry measured values. Results and Discussion: Total activity concentration of ²²⁶Ra was determined by summing up the activity concentration from gamma spectrometry measurement and calculated concentration from radon leakage correction method. The results obtained from ²¹⁴Bi peak were 723.4 ± 4.0 Bq·kg^-1 in MB1 and 719.2 ± 3.5 Bq·kg^-1 in MB2 that showed about 5% discrepancy compared to the certified activity. Besides, results obtained from ²¹⁴Pb peak were 741.9 ± 3.6 Bq·kg^-1 in MB1 and 740.1 ± 3.4 Bq·kg^-1 in MB2 that showed about 2% difference compared to the certified activity measurement of ²²⁶Ra concentration activity. Conclusion: The results show that radon leakage correction was calculated with insignificant discrepancy to the certified values and provided improvement to the gamma spectrometry. Therefore, measuring ²²⁶Ra activity concentration in TENORM (technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material) sample using radon leakage correction can be concluded as a convenient and accurate method that can be easily conducted with simple calculation.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.57-74
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• 2021

Purpose - This study aims to analyze the characteristics of network construction by Norwegian Air and AirAsia X, which are recognized as leading airlines in the long-haul LCC market. Based on this analysis, this study intends to provide implications for networking strategies for Korean LCCs that seek to enter the long-haul market when the aviation market stabilizes again upon the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology - To conduct the network analysis on long-haul low-cost airlines, the Official Airline Guide (OAG) Schedule Analyzer was used to extract long-haul data of Norwegian Air and AirAsia X. To analyze the trend of the long-haul route network, we obtained the data from 3 separate years between 2011 and 2019. The network was analyzed using UCINET 6.0 in order to examine the network structure of long-haul low-cost airlines and the growth trend of each stage. Findings - Analyzing the network of long-haul routes by visualizing the network structure of low-cost carriers showed the following results. In its early years, Norwegian Air's long-haul route network, centering on regional airports in Spain and Sweden, connected European regions, the Middle East, and Africa. As time passed, however, the network expanded and became steadily strong as the airline connected airports in other European countries to North America and Asia. In addition, in 2011, AirAsia X showed links to parts of Europe, such as London and Paris, the Middle East and India, and Australia and Northeast Asia, centering on the Kuala Lumpur Airport. Although the routes in Europe were suspended, the network continued to expand while concentrating on routes of less than approximately 7,000 km. It was found that instead of giving up on ultra-long-haul routes such as Europe, the network was further expanded in Northeast Asia, such as the routes in Korea and Japan centering on China. Originality/value - Until the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, Norwegian Air actively expanded long-haul routes, resulting in the number of long-haul routes quintupling since 2011. The unfortunate circumstance, wherein the world aviation market was rendered stagnant due to the outbreak of COVID-19, hit Norwegian Air harder than any other low-cost carriers. However, in the case of AirAsia X, it was found that it did not suffer as much damage as Norwegian Air because it initially withdrew from unprofitable routes over 7,000 km and grew by gradually increasing profitable destinations over shorter distances. When the COVID-19 pandemic ends and the aviation market stabilizes, low-cost carriers around the world, including Korea, that enter the long-haul route market will need to employ strategies to analyze the marketability of potential routes and to launch the routes that yield the highest profits without being bound by distance. For stable growth, it is necessary to take a conservative stance; first, by reviewing the business feasibility of the operating a small number of highly profitable routes, and second, by gradually expanding these routes.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.206-219
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• 2019

This paper aims to demonstrate current health expenditure (CHE) and National Health Accounts of the years 2018 constructed according to the SHA2011, which is a manual for System of Health Accounts (SHA) that was published jointly by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Eurostat, and World Health Organization in 2011. Comparison is made with international trends by collecting and analyzing health accounts of OECD member countries. Particularly, scale and trends of the total CHE financing as well as public-private mix are parsed in depth. In the case of private financing, estimation of total expenditures for (revenues by) provider groups (HP) is made from both survey on the benefit coverage rate of National Health Insurance (by National Health Insurance Service) and Economic Census and Service Industry Census (by National Statistical Office); and other pieces of information from Korean Health Panel Study, etc. are supplementarily used to allocate those totals into functional classifications. CHE was 144.4 trillion won in 2018, which accounts for 8.1% of Korea's gross domestic product (GDP). It was a big increase of 12.8 trillion won, or 9.7%, from the previous year. GDP share of Korean CHE has already been close to the average of OECD member countries. Government and compulsory schemes' share (or public share), 59.8% of the CHE in 2018, is much lower than the OECD average of 73.6%. 'Transfers from government domestic revenue' share of total revenue of health financing was 16.9% in Korea, lower than the other social insurance countries. When it comes to 'compulsory contributory health financing schemes,' 'transfers from government domestic revenue' share of 13.5% was again much lower compared to Japan (43.0%) and Belgium (30.1%) with social insurance scheme.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2022

Scuticociliatosis caused by Miamiensis avidus is a very important parasitic disease in olive flounder farming industry. The aim of this study was to determine effect of combined treatment with blue LED (light-emitting diode) illumination and formalin on olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected with M. avidus. Different intensity of 405 nm LED (20, 40, and 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) was illuminated on 2.2×10⁴ cells/well of M. avidus in a 24 well microplate for 24 h. Also, 2.4×10⁴ cells/well of M. avidus were exposed to varying combinations of 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 of 405 nm LED and serial 10-fold dilutions of formalin (from 10 to 100 ppm) for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. Surviving M. avidus were counted using a hemocytometer. For in vivo test, flounder acclimatized at 11-12 practical salinity unit (psu) were challenged with 2×10⁶ cells/ml of M. avidus by immersion method for 1 h. Then, fish were moved and divided into four groups; "F" group, treated with formalin at 50 ppm; "L" group, treated with 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 of 405 nm LED; "C" group, treated with combination of the two methods; and the control group. After treatment for 30 min, fish were transferred to new tanks (salinity = 11-12 psu) and observed for 3 weeks. As a result, illumination of 405 nm LED at 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 killed 100% of M. avidus after 12 h, while 67% and 90% of the scuticociliate died at 20 and 40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, respectively, after 24 h exposure. One hundred percent of M. avidus was killed at 90, 80, 80 and 70 ppm after exposure to formalin for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, respectively. However, combined method (e.g., 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 of 405 nm-LED plus 50 ppm formalin) killed the parasite within 30 min. From in vivo test, similarly, survival rates of fish challenged with M. avidus were 100%, 43%, 29% and 0% in the C, F, L, and control groups, respectively. Results obtained in this study demonstrates that the combined treatment method has clear synergistic effect on scuticociliatosis in fish.

• 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회논문지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.124-131
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• 2017

최근 드론은 배송, 농업, 공업, 엔터테인먼트 등 다양한 분야에 적용되어 사용 영역을 넓히고 있다. 실제 드론을 제어하기 위해선 많은 경험이 필요하지만 이를 위해선 드론 분실, 파손 등 여러 위험한 상황에 노출되기 쉽다. 가상 드론 시스템은 이러한 위험성을 피하여 드론을 학습 할 수 있는 배경을 제공할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 드론 학습을 위한 가상 드론 시스템 구축을 위한 요구기술들에 대해 논한다. 먼저, 다양한 형태를 가질 수 있는 드론을 가상의 환경에서 조립할 수 있는 저작도구가 필요하다. 가상의 저작도구는 실제 드론의 물리적 특성을 반영할 수 있어야 한다. 이에 실제 비행에 큰 영향을 비치는 로터의 위치나 배선의 간섭 등을 고려할 수 있는 가상 드론 저작 도구를 제안한다. 다음으로는 만들어진 가상의 드론을 실제 비행환경과 흡사한 물리적 조건하에서 구동 해 볼 수 있는 가상 드론 시뮬레이터가 필요하다. 이 시뮬레이터는 실제와 근접한 렌더링 품질을 보장할 수 있어야 하며 기체 역학에 근거한 물리적 환경 하에 구동이 되어야 한다. 여기에 가상 드론의 동역학적 특징이 움직임에 반영 될 수 있도록 SILS(Software in the loop simulation) 기반의 검증 기법을 추가하여 사실성을 높인다. 마지막으로 실제 드론 컨트롤러 기반으로 가상의 드론을 구동할 수 있는 환경이 필요하다. 범용으로 사용되는 드론 컨트롤러의 신호를 시뮬레이터에서 받아 사용할 수 있는 가상 드론 컨트롤러 기술을 제안한다. 완성된 가상드론 저작도구, 시뮬레이터, 및 컨트롤러 연동 기술을 포함한 가상 드론 시스템은 100명의 사용자 대상 만족도 조사 결과 10점 기준 7.64의 만족도를 나타내었다.

• 한국국제농업개발학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.513-519
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• 2011

세계적으로 축산물 수요가 증가하고, 특히 아시아 및 라틴 아메리카 지역의 수요가 증가하면서 사료용 옥수수 소비량이 매년 크게 증가하고 있다. 우리나라도 거의 전량을 수입할 정도로 축산업뿐만 아니라 식용 부분에서도 수요가 계속 증가하고 있다. 따라서 해외식량기지로서의 가능성을 타진하고 우리 농산업체에 정보를 제공 할 목적으로 캄보디아의 옥수수 생산 및 유통현황에 대한 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다 1. 캄보디아의 주요 곡물 생산량 중 옥수수의 총생산량은 급격하게 증가하여 1995년과 2000년도 사이에는 평균 32%가 증가하는 등 사료용 및 식용의 옥수수 생산이 계속 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다. 2. 1992년까지는 생산된 옥수수 전량이 캄보디아 국내로만 수급되었지만 1993년부터 40% 이상을 수출하기 시작하여 현재는 평균 50% 이상을 수출하고 있으며, 도매가격은 주변의 태국이나 라오스보다도 높은 톤당 약 230달러에 거래되고 있으며 2008년 이후 곡물파동과 더불어 꾸준히 상승하는 것으로 조사되었다. 3. 캄보디아 옥수수 생산 및 유통에 있어서 가장 큰 문제점은 수확후 관리로서 건조 가공 시설이 대부분 갖추어져 있지 않아 우기에는 자연 건조가 쉽지 않고 아플라톡신(aflatoxin)이 생기기 쉬워 제 값을 받지 못하는 것으로 조사되었다. 4. 따라서 한국의 농산업체가 진출할 경우 생산면에서는 1년에 2기작을 할 수 있는 재배지역의 수리시설 등 인프라 구축이 필요하고, 건조가공시설을 통해 종실의 품질을 향상 시키는 것이 옥수수 재배의 기본요건으로 조사되었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.278-278
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• 2022

Recently, the yield potential of high yield Tongil-type rice varieties has greatly increased, reaching 817kg/10a(Geumgang No.1). Moreover, in order to promote rice consumption and strengthen the competitiveness of the rice processing industry, the R&D of high yield Tongil-type rice varieties for each processing purpose, such as rice noodles, grain feed and industrial materials, has been continuously carried out. However, because Tongil-type rice varieties or lines are generally very vulnerable to cold damage, cold tolerance test can be said to be absolutely necessary to improve the cultivation safety. This study is the result of the seedling and field cold tolerance characteristic tests carried out in 2021 of high yield Tongil-type rice breeding lines. For the cold tolerance characteristic test of seedlings, total 303 high yield rice breeding lines for processing were treated in cold water of 13℃ and irrigation depth of 4cm for 10 days from the third-leaf age, then it was evaluated by comparing the degree of discoloration and withering with the checked varieties(Boramchan, Hanahreum No.2). Also, for the test of field, total 186 high yield rice breeding lines for processing were treated in cold water of 17℃ by keeping pouring day and night from 30 days after transplanting to ripening stage, then it was evaluated by comparing the degree of discoloration, delay of heading, shortening rate of stem length and percent of fertile grain etc. with the checked varieties. And the cold tolerance evaluative criteria were classified as strong(1~3), medium(4~6) and weak(7~9) in overall cold tolerance. (Seedling test) As for the degree of cold tolerance of the check variety, 'Boramchan' and 'Hanahreum No.2' showed a response of 'medium' and 'weak', respectively. However, there was no 'strong' line in the high yield rice breeding lines, 2 lines showed a 'medium' response, and 301 lines showed a 'weak' response. Therefore, except for a few lines(0.7%), most lines(99.3%) showed a 'weak' response. (Field test) In terms of the overall cold tolerance of the check variety, both 'Boramchan' and 'Hanahreum No.2' showed a 'medium' response. Similarly, there was no 'strong' line in the case of high yield rice breeding lines, 20 lines showed a 'medium' response, and 166 lines showed a 'weak' response. Therefore, except for some(10.8%) lines, most(89.2%) lines showed a 'weak' response. From the above results, we selected about 100 individuals with less seed shattering and degeneration of the ear tip, and with a relatively high percent of fertile grain, and are continuing to select lines with improved cold tolerance in the F4~F5 group in this year. As such, most of the Tongil-type rice varieties have poor cold tolerance and thus have low cultivation safety at low temperatures. However, it is important to select improved lines through generational progress because there are some lines that still have a certain level of cold tolerance among them.