• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.962-969
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• 2013

This study used Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) to assess the properties of the air current inflow and the flow velocity distribution in the fume hood. In order to verify the effect of improvement, it was also predicted the characteristics of the flow pattern in case the hood face is structurally improved. The assessment of the capture velocity with the existing fume hood confirmed maximum 23 to 30% difference as compared to the root mean square (RMS). And the hood face showed great difference in flow velocity, with the flow velocity in the upper part is 58 to 68% faster than that in the lower part of the hood. So, as a result of the improvement of the hood designed to maintain a steady exhaust at the hood face (that is, installing a baffle on the inner wall and designing the slot type face), a difference of maximum 7% as compared to RMS appeared while maximum 12% differentiation in flow velocity through sections was predicted, showing mitigation of much of the difference in control velocity as compared to the previous structure.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.668-676
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• 2016

This study reviewed the planning characteristics of contemporary Japanese middle school architecture on which related studies are insufficient, aiming to obtain new ideas for planning Korean middle school facilities. Fourteen case schools built after 1990s were selected and analyzed. They were divided into learning-living space and other major spaces. The planning characteristics of the case schools are summarized as follows 1) The case schools were classified into two categories, departmentalized classroom type (D type) and usual with variation type (UV type) by school system. These categories can also be the classification standard for basic architectural characteristics in learning and living space of case schools. 2) D type case schools have departmentalized classrooms, home base, media space and teacher's space for learning-living space. D type case schools are divided into 'attached-to-classroom type' and 'separate type' depending on the adjacency of the home base and departmentalized classroom. 3) UV type case schools have multipurpose space around the classroom for learning-living space and can be divided into two types, i.e., 'directly adjacent' and 'separate', depending on the connectivity to classroom of multipurpose room. 4) Specialized classrooms are designed to have the openness to the public and the own characteristics of school subjects strengthened and show the spatial differentiation with connected ancillary spaces. 5) Libraries are designed as complex zones grouped with computer labs, audio visual rooms and multipurpose halls not as a single room and as open plan not with a closed wall. 6) The gymnasium is the basic sports facility with a martial arts room and outdoor pool, which are for after-school activities as well as physical education class. 7) The terrace, balcony and outdoor stairs are frequently used architectural vocabularies as diverse outdoor spaces with a variety of functions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.153-161
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• 2016

Urban design claiming the notion of 'Sustainability', which inevitably includes ecological complexity, is normally geared towards the reflection of environmentally-friendly technical guidelines in the existing planning process. Although physical planning should be combined with economic, social, cultural, environmental issues, and policies, it is conducted conventionally as the sum of the closed sectoral approaches of planning. To overcome this limit, Design Charrette was invented for sustainable urban design or community design, which should consider the complexity of diverse issues. This design process unveils complicated and divergent problems and a variety of stakeholders participate in the integrated design simultaneously and cooperatively. Because Design Charrette must also be a process of agreement, it is used for sustainable community design. The aim of this study was to introduce Design Charrette as an alternative of Korean sustainable urban design, which is regarded as 'making guidelines related to green principles'. For such a purposes, the definition and differentiation of Design Charrette will be explained with an analysis of the introduction background, benefit and procedure. The contents, system and process of Design Charrette will be analyzed through case studies in Canada, where this method of design is widespread. In the last part, the implementation system (the comprehensive system of organization / content and direction of planning / process and output) will be deduced after concentrated analysis of one respected case, 'Sensitive Urban Infill Charrette' of the City of Surrey. This implementation system will be a crucial reference to develop Korean Design Charrette.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.61-73
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to understand the modernization process of interior spaces in the Korean housing, focused not only on the architectural aspects, but also on the sociological, anthropological and feministic aspects of housing. The development of korean housing from the period of traditional agricultural society and Japanese domination through the period of industrial development to the period of modem industrial society have been reviewed not from the Point of westernization but from the point of Korean own needs for modernity. It also tried to find the determinants of the relationship between social behavior patterns and space organization through historical change of housing plans. As a result, it was found the various western impacts to the continuation or change of Korean housing culture in the modernization process. Consequently this study comes to the concrete results as follows; 1) sociological aspect: The early layout of floorplans, that promoted the communication and contact between the user were changed. The layout of spaces in the modern housing tends to be not interdependence each other and be very isolated from the outdoor spaces. Those Phenomena reflect the trends to the Individualization, equivalence and privatization in the life of family. 2) feministic aspects: Differently from the early kitchen, modern ones locates in the internal space in the housing and the dinning area is appeared. And also the standing work at the kitchen war usually spreaded. Such changes are due to the emancipation of the women and downfall of the subordinate relationship between the genders. 3) anthropological aspects: The lifestyle, in which the user was mostly sitting on the floor, was constantly disappeared by using of furnitures that determines the function of each spaces in the housing. Those change demonstrate the change of behavior Patterns, thus, the needs of differentiation of function as well as the feministic needs. In other word, the coexistence of both fields of work and relax is required. 4) tectonic aspects: In the indoor space of modern housing the rooms are closed each other. Thus, concentrated circulation system act to separate these spaces. It is concrete spatial element that mostly shows the synthetic character of modem housing.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.208-212
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• 2017

A urinary calculus in the urethra is rarely seen and usually encountered in men with a urethral stricture or diverticulum. Herein, we report a rare case of a giant calculus in the urethra of a 42-year-old male patient with paraplegia after spinal cord injury due to car accident 20 years ago. A recent urologic consultation from the emergency room was performed since the patient had multidisciplinary symptoms during the day without any urination and presented with urinary difficulties due to hematuria and pain symptoms occurring with a mass in the bottom of the testicles. Abdomen and pelvic computed tomography (CT) was performed to examine the tumor mass, which was found to be absent. In addition, urethral stones were observed in the CT. Cystostomy was performed after the first urethroplasty, and the stone was removed from the urethra. Two weeks later, the patient was subjected to urethrography to remove the Foley catheter. No specific finding in voiding was detected. Giant urethral stones sometime require differentiation from tumor status. Treatment may vary according to size and location, requiring careful examination.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3373-3383
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• 2009

The aim of the current study is to look at the mediating effects of structural features (i.e. decentralization, formalization, and specialization) on the relationship between product variety and the performance of product family. This study investigates the impact of decentralization and formalization for platform and derivative projects separately and in the context of the performance of the product family as a whole, as opposed to individual projects. In addition to relationships between people and groups, the current study considers physical element of an organization such as geographical location in which business tasks are conducted. The current study focuses on spatial differentiation which refers to the number of different sites or locations operated by an organization. Based on a cross-industry sample of 103 Korean manufacturers, this study examines the role of organizational structure features in which firms successfully increase product variety. The study examines that formalization in platform projects and decentralization in derivative projects enhance high variety firms' product family performance. The study finds significant mediating effect of spatial proximity on the relationship between product variety and product family performance.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.158-167
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• 2002

In order to endow with new bioactive functionality from small intestine submucosa (SIS) powder as natural source to poly (L-lactide) (PLA) and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) synthetic biodegradable polymer, porous SIS/PLA and SIS/PLGA as natural/synthetic composite scaffolds were prepared by means of the solvent casting/salt leaching methods for the possibility of the application of tissue engineered bone and cartilage. A uniform distribution of good interconnected pores from the surface to core region was observed the pore size of 40~500 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ independent with SIS amount using the solvent casting/salt leaching method. Porosities, specific pore areas as well as pore size distribution also were almost same. After the fabrication of SIS/PLA hybrid scaffolds, the wetting properties was greatly enhanced resulting in more uniform cell seeding and distribution. Five groups as PGA non-woven mesh without glutaraldehyde (GA) treatment, PLA scaffold without or with GA treatment, and SIS/PLA (Code No.3 ; 1 : 12 of salt content, (0.4 : 1 of SIS content, and 144 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ of median pore size) without or with GA treatment were implanted into the back of nude mouse to observe the effect of SIS on the induction of cells proliferation by hematoxylin and eosin, and von Kossa staining for 8 weeks. It was observed that the effect of SIS/PLA scaffolds with GA treatment on bone induction are stronger than PLA scaffolds, that is to say, in the order of PLA/SIS scaffolds with GA treatment > PLA/SIS scaffolds without GA treatment > PGA nonwoven > PLA scaffolds only with GA treatment = PLA scaffolds only without GA treatment for the osteoinduction activity. The possible explanations are (1) many kinds of secreted, circulating, and extracellular matrix-bound growth factors from SIS to significantly affect critical processes of tissue development and differentiation, (2) the exposure of SIS to GA resulted in significantly calcification, and (3) peri-implant fibrosis due to covalent bonding between collagen molecule by crosslinking reaction. In conclusion, it seems that SIS plays an important role for bone induction in SIS/PLA scaffolds for the application of tissue engineering area.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.452-458
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze how managers' reporting choices affect asymmetric cost behaviors in manufacturing firms in Korea and Japan. In order to analyze the contents, SG&A, COGS, and operating expenses (OE), which were the targets of the previous studies, were analyzed using the operating costs paid in cash (OC) and the operating expenses before depreciation (OEBD) proposed by Shust and Weiss (2014). The differentiation of cost behavior was analyzed. The analysis revealed, first, that both Korea and Japan showed the difference between cost behavior of OE and OC. Specifically, the cost stickiness of OC was higher than that of OE. In particular, it showed that Korea firms have a higher intensity of tangible fixed assets that are weakening the cost stickiness compared to Japanese firms. Second, the occurrence of depreciation costs weakens the cost stickiness in both countries. Lastly, the higher the debt ratio, the more aggressively the cost reduction of Japanese companies. We hope that this study will help to improve the relationship between the two countries at the academic level when the Korea-Japan relationship cools down.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.419-429
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• 2021

This study examined the differentiation and influence of socio-demographic factors that affect the daily living ability of the elderly living in urban and rural areas. The research data is 「Korean Social Life, Health and Aging Project」. The analysis target was 400 urban elderly people (K-gu, Seoul: surveyed Apr. ~ Jun. 2017) and 524 rural elderly people (B-myeon, Gyeonggi-do: surveyed Dec. 2015 ~ Feb. 2016). The research methods included descriptive statistical analysis, chi-square test through cross-analysis, correlation analysis, and logit analysis. The summary of the research results is as follows. First, the ratio of 'complete independence' in ADL/IADL was 'ADL(city)> ADL(rural)> IADL(city)> IADL(rural)". Second, the probability that the elderly living in rural areas will experience a lower ADL level and lower IADL level was 7.1 times and 3.25 times higher than that of the urban elderly. Lastly, the statistically significant variable affecting the ADL level of urban elderly was depression, and the IADL level was gender, age, economic activity, spouse presence, and depression. Age and economic activity were statistically significant variables for the ADL level of the rural elderly, and the IADL level was gender, age, and economic activity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.492-497
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• 2019

This study analysed the legal concept of personal information(PI), which was not differentiated from behavioral information, and established it clearly for invigorating online targeted advertising(OTA), which draw attention in big data era; by selecting Guidelines of Assessment of Data Breach Incident Factors and Guidelines of Measures for No-Identifying Personal Information based on Personal Information Protection Act(PIPA) and Enforcement Decree of the PIPA. As a result, PI was defined as any kind of information relating to (1)a living individual(not group, corporate body or things etc.); (2)makes possibly identify the individual by his or her identifiers such as name, resident registration number, image, etc. (not included if not identify the individual); and (3)including information like attribute values which makes possibly identify any specific individual, if not by itself, but combined with other information which can be actually collected and combined). Specifically, PI includes basic, proper distinguishable, sensitive and other PI. It is suggested that PI concept should be researched continually with digital technology development; the effectiveness of the Guidelines of PI Protection in OTA, the legal principles of PI protection from not only users' but business operators' perspectives and the differentiation between PI and behavioral information in OTA should be researched.