• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2008

The guidelines for indoor air quality of public transportations such as subway, train and bus was presented by Korean Ministry of Environment last end of year 2006 based on the great consequence of indoor air quality in daily life. Two main parameters, carbon dioxide($CO_2$) and particulate matters smaller than $10\;{\mu}m(PM_{10})$, were selected as index pollutants for the management of indoor air quality. The former pollutant, $CO_2$, is regarded as index of ventilation status and the major source of $CO_2$ in the train or subway is the exhalation of passengers. It is publically perceived that the high $CO_2$ concentration in a crowded subway will be reduced and ventilated with outdoor air by door-opening taken every 2 or 3 minutes when the train stops each station. However, there has not been any scientific proof and quantitative information on the effect of door-opening on the $CO_2$ reduction by ventilation with outdoor air. In this study, $CO_2$ concentration and number of passengers were measured at each station on the 3 lines of Korail metropolitan subway. In order to evaluate the effect of $CO_2$ reduction by door opening, the theoretical approach using the $CO_2$ balance equation was performed. By comparing the predicted data with monitoring one, the optimum $CO_2$ dilution factor was determined. For the first time, it was quantified that about 35% of $CO_2$ concentration in the subway indoor was removed by the door-opening at each station.

• 한국생활환경학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.479-488
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• 2012

This study investigated the influence of the indoor CO₂concentration level on sleep quality by polysomnography(PSG). One healthy female subject was selected among several subjects based on RI(Risk Indicator) value and BMI(Body Mass Index) value to evaluate judging the risk level of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea. To get the impact of the indoor carbon dioxide concentration to sleep quality, both CO₂concentration levels were set up using ventilating form with 700~800 ppm and 2000~3000 ppm. Other environments were controlled in the comfortable sleep scope by previous researches. To measure the sleep quality, measurements have carried on polysomnography(PSG). In conclusion, it have shown that high carbon dioxide concentration leads arousal effect about central nervous system and to sustaining dreams and excited condition by bring about REM sleep split phenomenon.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.2052-2057
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• 2010

In December 2006, the Ministry of Environment in Korea established the "Indoor Air Quality Management Guidelines in Public Transportation." As the items of the guideline, $CO_2$(Carbon dioxide) and PM10(Particulate matter). Therefore, the air quality inside the train is supposed to be ruled by this guideline. This study calculated the increase or decrease rate of the $CO_2$ concentration by using the data measured in accordance with flap operation. In case of flap close or open, the calculated $CO_2$ concentration variation was 6.32ppm/min. The $CO_2$ concentration prediction equation was derived from the general equation and the actual measured value are compared with the predicted $CO_2$ concentration suggested during the KyungBu high speed railway construction. The predicted value show good agreement with the measured data.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2009

The senior citizens population and welfare institution for them is increased. The senior citizens in welfare institution spend a long time in indoor and their health is greatly affected by the indoor environment. Therefore, the indoor environment of senior citizens welfare institution is very important. This study presents some primary data based on the survey of architectural conditions and the measurements of indoor air quality for senior citizens welfare institution. According to characteristic of region, six of Incheon Area's senior citizens public welfare institution are selected. An investigation and analysis into architectural conditions and indoor air quality including temperature, humidity, CO, $CO_2$, PM10, HCHO, TVOC are conducted. The temperature, humidity and $CO_2$ concentration is some high. The HCHO concentration is very high. The indoor flooring and furniture materials highly impacts on the concentration of HCHO and TVOC.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.143-152
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• 1998

This study aims to suggest ventilation design data for Public Entertainment Facilities in relation to Indoor Air Quality. The concentration of indoor air pollution such as CO, CO2, RH, Radon, HCHO, TSP was investigate, and the reguired ventilation rate of Public Rooms was calculated. As resuits of this study, the following conclusion could be obtained. Field measurement of P.E.F reveals that the concentration of CO2 was mist polluted and higher than IAQ standard, while that of other pollutats did not exceed the standard. In underground the concentration of CO2 increased 1130ppm(2 persons) 2170ppm(4 persons) 1970ppm(6 persons). The CO2 pollution was serions problem in underground more than second floor, in only exhaust ventilation system more than exhaust and supply system.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.192-195
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• 2006

With increasing concerns of indoor air quality, $CO_2$ concentration in the public transportation, such as train, bus, and subway, draws big interests. The $CO_2$ concentration in the indoor air is regarded as index of ventilation status rather than that of adverse health effect. In this study, we measured the time-series of $CO_2$ concentrations in the KTX cabin during the journey of Gyongbu-line (Seoul-Busan) and Honam-line (Seoul-Mokpo) with the number of passengers on board. At the same time, the concentration of particulate matter (PM), temperature, humidity and gaseous pollutants including HCHO and VOCs were monitored. It is found that the $CO_2$ concentration was correlated linearly with number of passengers and was highly correlated with tunnel regions where the ventilation unit (flap) was closed.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1001-1013
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• 2008

The purpose of this study were to make clear the actual state of indoor air quality by cooling in private institute classrooms and to analyze influencing factors on indoor air quality. The measurements of physical elements and observations of architectural characteristics and living conditions were carried out in each 1 classroom of 5 private institutes. Measuring elements were indoor temperature, relative humidity, $PM_{10}$, HCHO, CO, and $CO_2$ concentration. As results, the averages of indoor temperature each classroom were $21.7\sim28.1^{\circ}C$. 3 classrooms were lower than the Maintenance standard($26\sim28^{\circ}C$) of School Health Law. The means of relative humidity were 48$\sim$63%, all classrooms were ranged within the standard(30$\sim$80%). The means of $PM_{10}$ concentration were 2.1 $\sim$ 17 $\mu g/m^3$, all classrooms were kept within the standard(100 $\mu g/m^3$). The means of HCHO concentration were 0.02$\sim$0.16 ppm, 2 classrooms were exceed the standard(0.1 ppm). The means of CO concentration were 1.4$\sim$3.6 ppm, all classrooms were kept within the standard(10ppm). The means of $CO_2$ concentration were 1,593$\sim$3,819 ppm, all classrooms were exceed the standard(1,000ppm). The results of analysis on influencing factors of the physical elements are as follow; the air conditioner set of temperature, personal necessities like hair spray, teacher's smoking in corridor, windows and doors opening time, the number of students, and volume of classroom.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.387-397
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of indoor air quality(IAQ) in 91 public facilities from September 2004 to March 2005 in the Honam province(Chonnam, Gwangju). The measured air pollutants are $PM_{10}$, formaldehyde(HCHO), CO, $CO_{2}$ and total suspended bacteria(TSB), the maintenance standard materials of IAQ management law established by ministry of environment in Korea(MOE). We also surveyed establishment and operation of ventilation equipment. It was measured $1.2m{\sim}1.5m$ on the floor between 8 o'clock AM and 7 o'clock PM. As the result, $PM_{10}$ and CO was showed the highest concentration, $188.89{\mu}g/m^{3}$, 8.67 ppm, at the indoor parking. The concentration of HCHO was the highest in large store and steamer room. The concentration was respectively $118.70{\mu}g/m^{3}\;and\;113.21{\mu}g/m^{3}$. The concentration of $CO_{2}$ was the highest at the reading room of the library on the condition of natural ventilation. The concentration of $CO_{2}$ was 1,816 ppm and higher than the IAQ standards established by MOE. The TSB was just measured in the hospital and silver town. It was the highest at the admission room of hospital. The concentration of TSB was $766CFU/m^{3}$. The public facilities of this study were not exceed each maintenance standards except $CO_{2}$ but it was surveyed that the management will be needed about some air pollutant according to target facilities.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.28-38
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• 1994

The objective of this study were to measure concentrations of indoor pollutants in public transportation systems to provide importance of indoor air quality in transportation systems to policy makers. Indoor air quality of the pollutants (CO, CO$_2$, PM-10) and environmental sources (temperature, humidity) were measured at subway, seat-type bus, and city-type bus in the Seoul area from April to September 1992. The same pollutants and environmental sources were also measured at selected bus stops and subway stations during October 1991-September 1992. The mean concentrations of indoor pollutants in the public transportation systems were showed 115.5 $\mu$g/m$^3$ in PM-10, 6.8 ppm in CO, and 2167.9 ppm in CO$_2$, respectively. The mean values of PM-10 and CO showed below the U.S. 24 hour standard value of PM-10 and the Korea ambient CO standard, while the mean concentrations of CO$_2$ exceeded the Korea CO$_2$ standard. The highest levels of indoor concentration at public transportation systems were PM-10 of 134.6 $\mu$g/m$^3$ in the subway, CO of 8.9 ppm in the city-type bus, CO$_2$ of 2,511.1ppm in seat-type bus, respectively. The results showed that indoor air quality in bus and subway seemed likely to be affected by number of passengers and outdoor air infiltrated from exhausted gases of automobiles.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.745-760
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to investigate the state of indoor thermal and air environment during winter in the one-room type multi-family houses occupied by university students and to analyze factors which influenced this environment. Field survey was conducted in 10 houses between 30th January, 2009 and 13th February, 2009 which measured indoor thermal and air elements as well kept records of interviews with residents and other related factors. Measured elements were air temperature, relative humidity, as well as concentrations of $CO_2$, CO, TVOC, and PM-10. The results can be summarized as follows. 1) The mean air temperature in each house ranged from 19.3 to $25.3^{\circ}C$, so most houses were not suitable for evaluation criteria($20-22^{\circ}C$). The average $CO_2$ concentration in each house was 965~3259ppm, so most houses exceeded evaluation criteria(1000ppm). The average TVOC concentration in each house were 0.00~1.17ppm, 5 houses exceeded evaluation criteria(0.12ppm). 2) Relative humidity, CO concentration, and PM-10 concentration were suitable for evaluation criteria. Therefore, indoor thermal and air environment during winter in one-room type multi-family housing occupied by university students was found to be generally uncomfortable. Important factor which were found to influence air temperature and the concentration of $CO_2$ were smaller space capacity than general house. Other factors which were found to influence the environment of these houses were the existence of a balcony as well as factors relating to the behavior of occupants such whether or not heating were operated, whether windows were opened, whether fans used, whether occupants smoked or used cosmetics, and whether the space was dusted.