• Title/Summary/Keyword: Indoles

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Effects of Horseradish, Spent Mushroom Compost and Almond Hull on Odorous Compound Concentration of Pig Slurry for Recycling in Grassland (슬러리 환경개선물질이 초지환원용 양돈 슬러리의 악취물질 농도에 미치는 효과)

  • Cho, Sung Back;Hwang, Ok Hwa;Lee, Jun Yeop;Kim, Jong Kon;Choi, Dong Yoon;Park, Sung Kwon
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.252-256
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    • 2013
  • This study investigated the effect of slurry additives on reducing the concentration of odorous compounds. Slurry treatments included control, horseradish, spent mushroom, and almond hull (n = 4 each group). Odorous compounds including volatile organic compounds (VOCs phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs short chain FA, SCFA, and branched chain FA, BCFA) were analyzed. Pigs of 85~120 kg body weight were fed diets formulated to meet the Korean Feeding Standard (2012) and their excretion was sampled from slurry pits. VOCs decreased (p<0.05) in horseradish, spent mushroom, and almond hull, compared to the control. SCFA was lower (p<0.05) in the horseradish group and BCFA was lower (p<0.05) in all three treatment groups compared to the control. Taken together, the tested additives are effective in reducing odorous compounds in pig slurry, indicating that the use of spent mushroom and almond hull can not only recycle the agri-byproduct but also reduce the impact of odors on surrounding communities.

Comparison of Volatile Organic Compound and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration in Feces and Urine of Finishing Pigs (초지환원용 비육돈의 분과 뇨에 있어서 휘발성유기물과 휘발성지방산 농도 비교)

  • Cho, Sung Back;Hwang, Ok Hwa;Yang, Seung Hak;Kwag, Jeong Hoon;Choi, Dong Yun;Yang, Sung Bong;Kim, Doo Hwan;Park, Sung Kwon
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.120-124
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    • 2014
  • This study was performed to compare the level of odorous compounds in feces and urine of finishing pigs. Feces and urine from 16 finishing pigs were separately collected for 28-d. Concentrations of volatile organic compound (VOC; phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acid (VFA; SCFA and BCFA) were measured in feces and urine. Amount of phenols and p-cresol was higher (P<0.05) in urine than in feces. Urinal levels of phenols and p-cresol were 257.8 ppm and 250.9 ppm, and those of fecal phenols and p-cresol were 0.50 ppm and 0.05 ppm, respectively. There was no difference in concentration of indoles from feces (1.0 ppm) and urine (1.8 ppm). Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) level in urine was higher (P<0.05) than in feces showing 4,547 ppm and 863 ppm, respectively. Proportion of acetic acid to total SCFA was higher in urine (94%) than in feces (66%). However, level of branched fatty acid (BCFA) was greater in feces (118 ppm) compare to that of urine (87 ppm). Odorous compounds analyzed in the current study, phenols and SCFA, were contained more in urine than in feces. Greater amount of VFA is typically found in feces than in urine since it is generated in the large intestine. However, urine contained more VFA than feces in the current study. Therefore, it will be necessary to exploit odor reducing techniques especially for pig urine as grassland fertilizer.

Studies on the Volatile Flavor Compounds of Sesame Oils with Roasting Temperature (볶음온도에 따른 참기름의 휘발성향기성분 변화)

  • Kim, Hyeon-Wee;Park, Ki-Moon;Choi, Chun-Un
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.238-245
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    • 2000
  • This study was investigated to compare the changes of flavors in sesame oil with roasting temperature $(110^{\circ}C{\sim}230^{\circ}C)$. In the results of analyzing the volatile flavor compounds of sesame oil with GC and GC/MS, 26 pyrazines, 11 pyridines, 9 thiazoles, 6 furans, 8 pyrroles, 5 phenols, 8 aldehydes, 8 hydrocarbons, 7 alcohols, 2 indoles, 3 ketones, 10 acids, 4 nitriles, 7 esters, and 5 others were isolated, identified, and quantified. The total amount of flavor compounds was increased with roasting temperature. Detected flavors could be devided into top(peak No. $1{\sim}91$), middle$(92{\sim}197)$ and last note$(198{\sim}224)$ by rentention time. The top notes(initial content 19.87 ppm) which contain pyrazines and provide representative roasted flavors were increased significantly with roasting temperature. Initial content of middle note(17.72 ppm) was increased to 36.71 ppm at $170^{\circ}C$, to 95.61 ppm at $220^{\circ}C$, and to 138.62 ppm at $230^{\circ}C$. Last note was almost unchanged up to $170^{\circ}C$ and increased at $190^{\circ}C$, whereas it indicated a tendency to decrease at $230^{\circ}C$. Pyrazines such as methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine which indicate the major components among volatile flavors were increased slightly up to $150^{\circ}C$ and revealed the higher increase than any other components above $170^{\circ}C$. This tendency was also similar to pyridines, thiazoles, and furans. Most of these compounds are assumed to be developed by thermochemical reactions of sesame components by roasting above $170^{\circ}C$. It seemed that a lot of increase in phenols above $210^{\circ}C$ resulted from the production of guaiacol. Acids were almost unchanged up to $190^{\circ}C$, increased at $210^{\circ}C$, and then decreased above $220^{\circ}C$. It seemed to be resulted from pyrolysis of free fatty acids formed from thermal oxidation of oil.

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Antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect of melatonin and the relative indole compounds on perilla oil oxidation (멜라토닌 및 관련 인돌 화합물의 산화방지능과 들기름 산화에 대한 억제 효과)

  • Kim, Seok Joong
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.48 no.6
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    • pp.610-617
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    • 2016
  • Melatonin, known as a powerful wide-spectrum antioxidant, is consumed as a food supplement in some countries, but its applicability as an antioxidant additive was not yet studied. Therefore, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of melatonin by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and ORAC assays as well as its ability to inhibit perilla oil oxidation. The activities of four other related indoles were also compared. Melatonin showed the highest antioxidant activity (mmol trolox equivalent per mol indole, mmol TE) in ORAC (2,159) assay, but a low antioxidant activity in DPPH (0.63), ABTS (91), and FRAP (764) assays, whereas serotonin showed an opposite result. Addition of 1% (w/w) melatonin to perilla oil extended the induction period of oxidation up to about 2 times ($2.93{\pm}0.47h$) compared to that of control ($1.43{\pm}0.26h$) in the Rancimat assay, corresponding to almost 50% of the ability of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). Tryptamine was the most effective indole that inhibited perilla oil oxidation ($9.53{\pm}1.43h$).

Applied Analysis for Metabolic Profiling of Trace-level Amino Acid in Biological Fluid (생체시료 중 미량 아미노산 대사 프로필을 위한 분석법 응용)

  • Nam, Hyung Wook;Park, Song-Ja;Pyo, Hee Soo;Paeng, Ki Jung
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.349-357
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    • 2003
  • The universality of low molecular weight metabolites (i.e. amino acids, steroid hormones) allows rapid and straightforward investigation of biochemistry of genetically un-characterized species. Thus in vivo metabolic profiling of amino acid in combination with multivariate data analysis (metabolomics) offers great potential in comparative biology. In this paper, amino acid profiles in biological fluid (media) were studied by using HPLC/FLD. HPLC procedure for amino acids require the formation of derivatives due to the low absorption of the free compounds. o-Phthalaldehyde (OPA) used in association with a thiol, such as 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA), is one of the most popular and sensitive reagents, which yield quickly fluorescent iso-indoles at room temperature. To improve unstability of OPA/3-MPA derivatization, we optimized injector programs for fixed injection times. Linear regressions for the standard curves were linear in the range 0.5 - 100.0 ppb, giving correlation coefficents above 0.99. The detection limit were 1.70 pmol(GLU) - 23.81 pmol(SER). It is practically useful when the amount of sample is very low on single cells.

Effect of Season on Volatile Organic Compounds and Volatile Fatty Acids Concentration in finishing Pig Slurry to Grassland (초지환원용 비육돈 슬러리의 계절에 따른 휘발성유기물과 휘발성지방산 농도 분석연구)

  • Cho, Sung Back;Yang, Seung Hak;Lee, Kyung Tai;Park, Sung Kwon;Han, Duck Woo;Choi, Dong Yun;Hwang, Ok Hwa
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.125-128
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    • 2014
  • The objective of this study is to investigate the changes in levels of odorous compounds in pig slurry during different seasons. Slurry from pens of finishing pigs was sampled every 4-wk and concentration of odorous compounds was analyzed. There was no difference in the range of phenols level (123 to 156 ppm) during spring (April to May), summer (July to August) and fall (October to November). The concentration of indoles was higher (P<0.05) during spring (14.3 ppm) than summer and fall (5.4~7.6 ppm). Level of BCFA ranging from 727 to 1,194 ppm was not different at any season. Among SCFA, there was no difference in propionic acid during any season but levels of acetic acid and butyric acid were highest (P<0.05) during spring season. Concentration of odorous compounds in pig slurry was highest during spring season. Interestingly, it tended to be lower during summer season compare to fall. This result might be due to relatively lower ventilation rate in order to maintain a constant temperature during spring season. Further study will be necessary to determine the relationship between the concentration of odorous compounds and ventilation system.

Development of Biologically Active Compounds from Edible Plant Sources XXII. Isolation of Indoles from the Roots of Brassica campestris ssp rapa and their hACAT Inhibitory Activity (식용식물자원으로부터 활성물질의 탐색 XXII. 순무(Brassica campestris ssp rapa) 뿌리로부터 인돌 화합물의 분리 및 hACAT 저해 활성)

  • Bang, Myun-Ho;Lee, Dae-Young;Oh, Young-Jun;Han, Min-Woo;Yang, Hye-Joung;Chung, Hae-Gon;Jeong, Tae-Sook;Lee, Kyung-Tae;Choi, Myung-Sook;Baek, Nam-In
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.51 no.1
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    • pp.65-69
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    • 2008
  • The roots of Brassica campestris ssp rapa were extracted with 80% aqueous MeOH, and the concentrated extract was partitioned with EtOAc, n-BuOH and $H_2O$. From the EtOAc fraction, three compounds were isolated through the repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel (ODS) column chromatography. From the results of spectroscopic data including NMR and MS, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined as caulilexin C (1), indoleacetonitrile (2) and arvelexin (3). The arvelexin (3) has been isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed inhibitory activity on human Acyl CoA: cholesterol. transferase 1 (hACAT1) by $54.6{\pm}6.0%$, $69.2{\pm}4.7%$ and $68.6{\pm}3.7%$, and on human Acyl CoA: cholesterol transferase 2(hACAT2) by $4.8{\pm}13.4%$, $45.6{\pm}4.8%$ and $39.5{\pm}4.3%$, respectively, at 100 ${\mu}g/ml$.

The Effect of Horseradish Powder Level in Fattening Pig Diet on Odorous Compound Concentration from Manure (비육돈 사료의 고추냉이 첨가수준별 분뇨의 악취물질 농도 변화)

  • Lee, K.H.;Hwang, O.H.;Park, K.H.;Yang, S.H.;Song, J.I.;Jeon, J.H.;Lee, J.Y.;Ohh, S.J.;Sung, H.G.;Choi, D.Y.;Cho, S.B.
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.18 no.sup
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    • pp.41-46
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    • 2012
  • This study was performed to test the effect of horseradish powder in fattening pig diet on odorous compound concentration from manure. Twenty fattening boars [Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] weighing an average body weight of $68.4{\pm}4.95}$ kg were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (horseradish level in diets: 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03%) based on their body weight. This experiment was a randomized complete block (RCB) design using 5 pigs per treatment with 1 pig per metabolizable cage. Pigs were fed experimental diet (amount proportional to 3% of their body weight) twice a day (09:00 and 16:00) for 7 d after having 14 d adaptation period. Experimental diets were mixed with water by 1:2.5 v/v. Concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was highest (p<0.05) when pigs fed diet with 0.02% horseradish powder. Level of phenol compounds including phenol and p-cresol were decreased (p<0.05) in 0.01~0.02% horseradish treatment group compared with control group. Concentration of indoles including indole and skatole was lowest (p<0.05) in 0.03% horseradish treatment group compare to others. Therefore, results from our current study suggest that the optimal levels of horseradish powder in diet for reducing phenol and indole compounds in pig manure were 0.02 and 0.03%, respectively.

Effects Microbial Addition and Incubation Temperatures on Odor of Pig Manure as Fertilizer on Grass and Crop Fields (초지 및 농경지에 살포되는 돼지 분뇨의 냄새에 미생물 첨가 및 분뇨 배양온도가 미치는 효과)

  • Hwang, Ok Hwa;Park, Sung Kwon;Han, Deug Woo;Lee, Sang Ryoung;Kwag, Jeong Hoon;Cho, Sung Back
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.129-134
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    • 2016
  • Odor in pig manure affects the distribution of the manure over grass and crop fields as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different types of microbes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis and Rodobacter capsulata) and incubation temperatures ($20^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$) on the levels of odorous compounds in pig manure. Pig manure was incubated with 0.03% microbes (v/v) at temperatures of $20^{\circ}C$ or $35^{\circ}C$. At incubation temperature of $20^{\circ}C$, the addition of Rodobacter capsulata significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of indoles and volatile fatty acid (VFA). At incubation temperature of $35^{\circ}C$, the addition of any microbes of the three used in this study did not significantly (p>0.05) affect the levels of odorous compounds. When incubation temperature was increased from $20^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$, levels of odorous compounds were significantly (p<0.05) increased. Taken together, these results suggest that Rodobacter capsulata could be utilized to reduce odor from pig manure in the spring and fall when the average temperature is around $20^{\circ}C$. However, alternative odor-reducing technology is needed to be developed to apply onto pig manure during the hot summer season ($35^{\circ}C$).

IPA and its precursors differently modulate the proliferation, differentiation, and integrity of intestinal epithelial cells

  • Shamila Ismael;Catarina Rodrigues ;Gilberto Maia Santos ;Ines Castela ;Ines Barreiros-Mota ;Maria Joao Almeida ;Conceicao Calhau ;Ana Faria ;Joao Ricardo Araujo
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.616-630
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    • 2023
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) is a tryptophan-derived microbial metabolite that has been associated with protective effects against inflammatory and metabolic diseases. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effects of IPA under physiological conditions and at the intestinal level. MATERIALS/METHODS: Human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells were treated for 2, 24, and/or 72 h with IPA or its precursors - indole, tryptophan, and propionate - at 1, 10, 100, 250, or 500 μM to assess cell viability, integrity, differentiation, and proliferation. RESULTS: IPA induced cell proliferation and this effect was associated with a higher expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and a lower expression of c-Jun. Although indole and propionate also induced cell proliferation, this involved ERK2 and c-Jun independent mechanisms. On the other hand, both tryptophan and propionate increased cell integrity and reduced the expression of claudin-1, whereas propionate decreased cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, these findings suggested that IPA and its precursors distinctly contribute to the proliferation, differentiation, and barrier function properties of human intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, the pro-proliferative effect of IPA in intestinal epithelial cells was not explained by its precursors and is rather related to its whole chemical structure. Maintaining IPA at physiological levels, e.g., through IPA-producing commensal bacteria, may be important to preserve the integrity of the intestinal barrier and play an integral role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.