• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.99-114
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate foodservice management of snacks as will as to evaluate nutrient intakes of young children from the snacks serried in early childhood educational institute. Two hundred and twenty-three snack items from 14 kindergartens and daycare centers were measured sewing size and analyzed for the nutritional values in addition to the general evaluation of the snack service management practice by the trained personnel. The results were as follow: The contents of most nutrients supplied from the snacks amounted to 10-15% of RDA (recommended dietary allowances for Koreans) except iron and niacin. And there were not any significant differences in the contents of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate between the morning and afternoon snacks. The energy and protein contents (as the % of RDA) of snacks sewed to children of 1-3 years old were turned out to be significantly higher than that sewed to the children of 4-6 years old since the portion amount of snacks per child was about the same regardless of the age and individual variation. There were significant differences in the contents of nutrient serried from the snacks among 14 kindergartens. Therefore, nutritional guidence including the standard portion amount for the kindergarten snacks considering the age, activities and individual variation should be developed for kindergarten teachers so that they can effectively manage snack service and provide good nutrition for young children.

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.27-29
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• 2004

Drug transporters play an essential role in the absorption, distribution and elimination of clinical drugs, nutrients and toxicants. The importance of the transporters is exampled by therapeutic failure in cancer chemotherapy that is mainly caused by the overexpression of multidrug resistance (MDR)-related transporters. In addition, the transporters may involve in drug-drug interactions that lead to serious adverse drug responses and some transporters also contribute to inter-individual variation in drug responses. As an effort to understand the mechanism underlying the inter-individual variation of transporters activity, genetic and environmental factors influencing the expression or function of the transporters have extensively explored through last decade. Among them, genetic polymorphism of drug transporter encoding genes has generated much interest since the discovery of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of MDR1 gene. Besides drug transporters, xenobiotic receptors also modulate drug disposition by regulating the transcription of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Among many xenobiotic receptors, pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are two most well characterized since these receptors show wide substrate specificities and regulate the expression of various enzymes involved in drug disposition. Recently, several functional genetic polymorphisms were reported in PXR coding gene. In the present study, genetic polymorphisms of two drug transporters, MDR1 and BCRP, and two xenobiotic receptors, PXR and CAR, were investigated in Korean population.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.27-29
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• 2004

Drug transporters play an essential role in the absorption, distribution and elimination of clinical drugs, nutrients and toxicants. The importance of the transporters is exampled by therapeutic failure in cancer chemotherapy that is mainly caused by the overexpression of multidrug resistance (MDR)-related transporters. In addition, the transporters may involve in drug-drug interactions that lead to serious adverse drug responses and some transporters also contribute to inter-individual variation in drug responses. As an effort to understand the mechanism underlying the inter-individual variation of transporters activity, genetic and environmental factors influencing the expression or function of the transporters have extensively explored through last decade. Among them, genetic polymorphism of drug transporter encoding genes has generated much interest since the discovery of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of MDRl gene. Besides drug transporters, xenobiotic receptors also modulate drug disposition by regulating the transcription of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Among many xenobiotic receptors, pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are two most well characterized since these receptors show wide substrate specificities and regulate the expression of various enzymes involved in drug disposition. Recently, several functional genetic polymorphisms were reported in PXR coding gene. In the present study, genetic polymorph isms of two drug transporters, MDR1 and BCRP, and two xenobiotic receptors, PXR and CAR, were investigated in Korean population.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.25-52
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• 1993

Variation in the utilization of medical services is a very important issue in cost containment and quality assurance of health care. Practice variation directly affects health care expenditure especially in fee-for-service system, which is the payment system of health insurance in Korea. In addition to cost issue it is generally accepted that variations in medical practice and the cost of inpatient care suggest the possibility of inappropriate quality of care. This study is to closely examine the patterne and degrees of variation in cost structure of inpatient care among types of hospital and individual hospitals in some tracer diseases, and also to inquire into the service items which contribute much to the variation of total medical care cost. Foru common diseases, i.e. Cesarean Section, appendectomy, cataract extraction and pediatric pneumonia, were selected as tracer diseases. In most tracer diseases there were statistically significant differences in total medical care cost among hospitals in same type of hospital as well as among types of hospital(p<0.01). When total medical care cost were subdivided into the types of service, cost of medication and diagnostic examination varied the most prominenly. When the cost of medication were subdivided again, cost of parenteral antibiotics showed the most prominent variation. Of total medical care cost, medication was most contributory to the variation of total medical care cost(58.1~82.3%), and cost of antibiotics was most contributory to the variation of medication cost(63.9~92.2%). The results of study implicated that reducing the variation of medication may plays a significant role in containing the cost of inpatient care. In order to sort out the factors affecting practice variations including drug prescription pattes further researches are required.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.743-750
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• 2012

A total of 95 broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) accessions were evaluated for the identification of desulfo-glucosinolates and their content variation in the flower head using ultra performance liquid chromatography, to select the potentially functional broccoli breeding lines. The six individual desulfo-glucosinolates, including progoitrin, glucoraphanin, sinigrin, gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin, and glucobrassicin, were commonly identified, based on the chromatogram peak comparison with those of the nine individual glucosinolate standards. The total glucosinolate contents varied from 4.2 to $29.0{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}$ DW and the glucoraphanin (1.6 to $13.9{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}$ DW) was confirmed as a major constituent in the total glucosinolate profile among the six identified individual glucosinolate species, whereas the progoitrin, which was only detected in 13 accessions, showed accession-specific variation and negative correlation with glucoraphanin content. It was also revealed that the four major glucosinolates, such as glucobrassicanapin, glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin, and gluconapin, affected major content variation and showed higher positive inter-correlation. These results might be used for the selection of potential breeding materials as functional broccoli germplasm through the further evaluation on the stability and reproducibility of glucosinolate profile depending on environmental factors or cultural managements using the selected accessions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1977

These studies were carried out to know the variation of morphological tree forms, needles, cotyledons, seed characters and top height growth of seedlings of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z. by populations in Mt. Jiri. The results are summarized as follows: 1. It was observed that the characteristics of length, needles of serration density of needles, percentage of full seeds length, of seeds, thickness, of seeds length of cotyledons, width of cotyledon, numbers of the stomata line in cotyledons and the top height growth of seedlings were significantly different in individual trees and populations. 2. The characteristics of branch angle specific gravity of wood and resin canal numbers of cotyledons were significantly different in populations. 3. It was that the characteristics of numbers of stomata line, width, of seeds weight, of seeds serration density of cotyledons, numbers of cotyledons were significantly different in individuals. 4. The resin canals of needles showed three principle resin canals in individual trees and population, and the coefficients of variation were not shown in individual trees and populations. Stem forms showed to be a straight form with all populations. 5. The characteristics of cotyledons had generally higher tendency than the characteristics of needles in comparison with coefficience of variation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 1989

According to the results from the experiments of selecting a suitable variety of forage rape and comparing productivity and nutrient quality between forage rape and oil seed rape, Velox appeared to be the most suitable variety in terms of productivity and nutrient quality at the southern area of Korea among the varieties used in the experiments. Consequently, Velox was grown under two different cultural methods, individual culture and population culture, and productivity and variation of nutrient quality during the growth period were observed and compared between the cultural methods. The results from the experiment are summarized as follows: 1. Although variations were great in plant fresh weight and plant dry matter weight among plants, individual culture showed significantly higher value in these characters at the 1 % level than population culture. Plant fresh weight and plant dry matter weight were largely dependent upon the amount of branches in case of individual culture. However, in population culture, they were equally dependent upon the amount of branches and main stem. There was no significant difference in dry matter percentage between cultural methods, and main stem showed highest dry matter percentage. 2. Content of crude protein was decreasing gradually as plants continued to grow. Individual culture showed higher content of crude protein than population culture from 90 to 120 days after sowing but vice versa from 180 days after sowing to flowering stage. Contents of fiber such as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin was low at the early stage of growth. It was increasing gradually as plants grew older and at the latter stage of growth plants under individual culture showed higher values in contents of fiber. 3. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of both stems and leaves was decreasing gradually as plants grew older. Plants under individual culture showed higher IVDMD of stems than plants under population culture, but no significant difference in IVDMD of leaves was observed between cultural methods.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 1999

This study was performed as a basic research for establishing an objective quality evaluation method on whole bulbs of garlic. The size of a whole bulb of garlic, the number and the uniformity of complete individual garlics, and the existence of bad individual garlics in the whole bulb of garlic were selected as quality grading factors. Quality discrimination algorithms with machine vision techniques were developed and verified for the four factors based on morphological and physical features of whole bulbs of garlic. Based on the results, the size discrimination by the projected area of a whole bulbs of garlic suggested four grading levels and the algorithm for predicting the number of complete individual garlics based on the peaks on its projected boundary showed ${\pm}$0.78 prediction error. In addition, the uniformity represented by coefficient of variation could be divided into four levels, but the algorithm for discriminating the existence of bad individual garlics in a whole bulb of garlic was not effective.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.398-404
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• 2000

We examined the effect of individual sweating responses on thermoregulatory responses induced by heat of sorption, immediately after the onset of sweating. The present study consists of two experiments. In experiment 1, made of 100% cotton (C) and 100% polyester (P) clothing were exposed in the chamber at ambient temperature (Ta) of $27.2^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity (rh) raised from 50% to 95% at five different increase rates of environmental vapor pressure (VP). The increase rate of clothing surface temperature (Tcs), peak Tcs and peak time showed significant correlation with the increase rate of environmental VP in C-clothing (p<0.05). In experiment 2, seven female subjects were studied during leg water immersion ($35-41^{\circ}C$) for 70min in Ta of 27.2 and 50%rh. There were significant positive correlations in the increase rate of clothing microclimate VP vs. changes in Tcs, skin blood flow, mean skin temperature and mean body temperature (p<0.05). The present results showed that individual clothing microclimate VP had significant effects on thermoregulatory responses induced by heat of sorption wearing C ensembles.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.463-467
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• 2006

Genetic profiles of Iranian Holstein young bulls at the national artificial insemination station were determined on the basis of individual genotypes at 13 ISAG's recommended microsatellites, the most useful markers of choice for parentage identification. In the present study a total of 119 individuals were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci and for possible parent-offspring combinations. A high level of genetic variation was evident within the investigated individuals as assessed from various genetic diversity measures. The mean number of observed alleles per microsatellite marker was 9.15 and the number of effective alleles as usual was less than the observed values (4.03). The average observed and expected heterozygosity values were 0.612 and 0.898, respectively. The mean polymorphic information content (PIC) value (0.694) further reflected a high level of genetic variability. The average exclusion of probability (PE) of the 13 markers was 0.520, ranging from 0.389 to 0.788. The combined exclusion of probability was 0.999, when 13 microsatellite loci were used for analysis in the individual identification system. Inbreeding was calculated as the difference between observed and expected heterozygosity. Observed homozygosity was less than expected which reflects inbreeding of -3.7% indicating that there are genetic differences between bull-sires and bull-dams used to produce young bulls. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that the microsatellite DNA markers used in the present DNA typing are useful and sufficient for individual identification and parentage verification without accurate pedigree information.