• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.20
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• pp.295-321
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• 2010

The trend of globalization has sharpened the debate on interculturality, which scholars examine from different and often conflicting points of view ('content' vs. 'practice', 'culture-specific' vs. 'universal', 'communication (meta)theory' vs. 'communication practice', 'individual' vs. 'collective', etc.). Whereas all these approaches are necessary to describe the multiple dimensions of interculturality, their dichotomous nature does not help to account for its internal complexity, which cannot be dissociated from the connections that exist among all these dimensions. The difficulty posed by the essentialist interpretations that tend to result from these dichotomies is compounded by the fact that in postmodern debates priority has been given to approaches that emphasize individual or collective agency over structural constraints which have to do with political economy or with cultural and linguistic codes and traditions. This paper aims mainly at suggesting that the dissolution of the boundaries that exist between these approaches should be pursued in order to get a fuller and richer approach to their common object of study. After discussing, by way of illustration, content-based and practice-based perspectives, we suggest that one way of getting beyond these dichotomies consists in focusing on the 'interactional' dimension of interculturality, which means laying emphasis on intersubjectivity and, particularly, on the individual subjects considered as members of different cultural communities who strive to transcend their sociocultural boundaries in order to reach harmonious interactions in a world in which inequality and the de-territorialization of people and cultures are central features.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2022

Background: Depression is a common disease around the world. Many studies are showing that mental health can be improved through physical activity, and daily regular exercise can reduce the negative effects of depression or depressive symptoms. In order to promote individual physical activity, a physical activity-friendly environment must precede. Therefore, this study attempted to confirm whether the number of sports facilities for all affects individual depression. Methods: Among the respondents to the 2018 Community Health Survey, data from 181,086 people excluding missing value were used. Descriptive and chi-square tests were performed to understanding the general characteristics of individual level variables. A multilevel logistic regression was conducted to confirm the effect of individual and regional level variables on depressive symptoms. Results: As a result of confirming the effect of individual characteristics on depressive symptoms, it was confirmed that both socioeconomic and health behavior factors had an effect. Similar results were shown in a model that considered regional level variables, and in the case of the number of sports facilities per population, people who belongs to smaller areas were more likely to have depressive symptoms (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-0.99). Conclusion: As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that both individual level and regional level variables had a significant effect on depressive symptoms. This suggests that not only individual level approaches but also regional level approaches are needed to improve individual depressive symptoms In particular, it may be possible to consider to increase the number of sports facilities in areas where the prevalence of depressive symptoms is high and the number of sports facilities is insufficient.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 1996

In this study, dldctronic identification system of individual dairy cow was developed for autocatization of stoxkvreeding management. To automize the breeding management, it is necessary to obtain and analyze the individual information distinguished from others perferentially. Electronic identification system can distinguish individual livestock from others with electromagnetic wave signal recognition system. Electoronic identification system consists of transmitter transmitting the oscillated signal and receiver set. The transmitted signal from transmitter clung to individual livestock is received from the receiving antenna and the signal in different according to the established value of the register. By distinct signal recieved from the reciever, wi can distinguish the identity of a livestock from others clearly. This system can manage $2^{12}$ individuals with a reciever theoretically. However in order to reduce the errors by analogous signal, this system uses only triple number and can manage 1365 individuals with a reciever practically. This system can be connevtted to Max 232 and microcomputer for the breeding management efficiently.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2005

In order to conduct research on oil originated in Mongolia for further application of petroleum not only as fuel but also as raw material for organic synthesis, we need to study the physical, chemical characteristics and individual, group hydrocarbon's compositions of main petroleum fractions. A number of studies and surveys on the physical and chemical characteristics, group hydrocarbon's composition of petroleum deposits in Zuun-Bayan, Sukhaibulag, Tsagaan Elst, Tamsagbulag have been carried out earlier through n-g-M, aniline point and dispersimetric methods successfully. Yet a detailed chromatographical and NMR spectroscopic study for the individual hydrocarbon's composition of Tamsagbulag oil main fractions has not been conducted. In the present study the results of GC analyses of gasoline fractions of wells 19-3, 19-13 and 19-10, Tamsagbulag (Eastern Mongolia) were presence. The gasoline fractions of given wells were characterized by the high concentration of paraffins and presence of trace amount of olefins. There were identified 69 paraffins, 45 naphthenes, 41 aromatics and 3 olefins in total 158 individual hydrocarbons from each samples of gasoline fraction. The first attempts to classify Tamsagbulag oil under the individual hydrocarbon's composition data were successfully conducted and the supposition of a genetic classification of given oil as "sapropelic" type was made.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.226-233
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• 2013

Individual differences in head-related transfer functions(HRTFs) were calculated using boundary element(BE) models for three Korean adults. The BE models for the individuals were developed from the computerized tomography(CT) images of the individuals. The BE models were composed of the head, pinna, and ear canal. The frequency-dependent impedance boundary conditions were imposed on the skin, hair, and tympanic membrane. The HRTFs calculated from the individual BE models showed large difference above 2 kHz in magnitude and in the locations of peaks and valleys of the frequency spectrums, which should be considered in virtual auditory sound field. The identified individual differences in the HRTFs demonstrate that the developed BE models can be utilized successfully in order to obtain the HRTFs information of individuals.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.35-44
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• 2011

In a spark ignition engine, a variable valve lift (VVL) system has been developed for high fuel efficiency and low power loss. However, changes in valve lift cause deviations of cylinder air charge which lead to individual cylinder equivalence ratio maldistribution. In this study, in order to reduce the maldistribution, we propose individual cylinder equivalence ratio estimation and control algorithms. The estimation algorithm calculates the equivalence ratio of each cylinder by using a mathematical engine model which includes air charging, fuel film, exhaust gas, and universal exhaust gas oxygen sensor (UEGO) dynamics at various valve lifts. Based on the results of estimated equivalence ratio, the injection quantity of each cylinder is adjusted to control the individual cylinder equivalence ratio. Estimation and control performance are validated by engine experiments. Experimental results represented that the equivalence ratio maldistribution and variation are decreased by the proposed algorithms.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.31 no.spc
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• pp.577-590
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find out the suicidal ideation rate of the elderly including individual and regional factors by sex. Methods: This is secondary analysis study that combines the data of the 2017 Community Health Survey with the e-indicator data set of the National Statistical Office, and a descriptive correlation study. Statistical analysis used hierarchical logistic regression by SAS 9.4. Results: The 11.5% of the elderly had suicidal ideation within the last year, and 18.4% in Chungnam is the highest. Individual characteristics include females, older people, lower education levels, no job or housewife, no spouse, less than seven hours of sleep per day on the average, low subjective health, high subjective stress, and the worse their economic conditions, the more they had suicide ideation. Considering regional characteristics, suicidal ideation tended to increase significantly as the number of hospital beds per 1,000 people and the rate of obesity was lower, the rate of stress perception was higher, and the odds value was small. When both individual and regional factors were considered, the model conformity of the suicidal ideation improved (ICC=0.0814). Conclusion: In order to lower the suicidal rate of the elderly, it seems that both individual and community factors need to be comprehensively approached from the stage of suicidal ideation in the community.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 1980

This paper presents the validation of a stochastic model of muscle fatigue during static muscle contractions. Forty four laboratory experiments, covering eleven test conditions for two trained subjects, were run in order to estimate fatigue and recovery rates, based on EMG observations. The validation of the model was made by comparing the model predictions to the experimental fatigue time. The validation study supports that the stochastic model of muscle fatigue accurately represents the underlying fatigue process. The study also provides support that the fatigue model can be used as a monitor of individual muscle capabilities.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.127-136
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• 2003

Each country, each organization and individual have pursued their own identity, which require a unique design discriminated from other countries, cultures and people. As character related industries including character, cartoon, animation and CF appeared everywhere, development of character of mascot concept which can highlight individual personality has been required. This study is to meet these requirements and develop character of Korean subject as the concept of mascot or guard angel in order to develop the unique design with discriminative features from individual identity. For this, this study named it "Individual Character", analyzes the Korean traditional incantatory patterns and develops three patterns such as line art character, five-color 2D character and letter '||'&'||' picture 3D character as a form having individual character with the twelve gods of the earth through examination of materials of traditional patterns home and aborad. These three-typed characters seek strategies by types and are applied to calender, ceramic, metal, animation source, living goods and accessories. Application to commodities include line art and the products of 20 and 3D types based on re-design and add metal, paper, web and ceramic. Therefore this study finds that "Individual Character' using traditional incantatory patterns can discover the cultural identity and originality through Korean design creation and application of "Individual Character" to character industry can develop the pluralistic characters with a material and it can be extended to consumption goods.onsumption goods.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 2004

This study focused on individual health education for people with hypertension who were being seen in public health centers. The program was an adjusted intervention program that considered the characteristics of each individual and reflected the individual's will to change. Each individual had a different lifestyle with different characteristics and habits so the study considered these individual's characteristics. A comparison was done of knowledge related to hypertension, self-efficacy, and self-care in these individuals. In order to determine the effectiveness of education given by the nurses the variables were measured before and after the individual health education program. The participants in this study were 85 people with hypertension who were seen at a public health center in G city. They were assigned to an experimental group (43) and a control group (42). A tool developed by Park Young-Im (1994) was used to measure knowledge related to hypertension and self-efficacy. A tool developed by Lee Young-Whee (1994) was used for self-care. Data collection was done for 10 weeks from March 24 to May 31, 2003 using interviews with questionnaires. The following is a summary of the results of the study. Hypothesis 1, 'the experimental group which had the individual health education will have higher knowledge scores on hypertension than the control group that did not have the individual health education' was supported (t=4.17, P=0.00). Hypothesis 2, 'the experimental group which had the individual health education will have higher self-efficacy scores than the control group that did not have the individual health education' was supported (t=4.06, P=0.00). Hypothesis 3, 'the experimental group which had the individual health education will have better self-care ability than the control group that did not have the individual health education' was supported (t=4.94, P=0.00). Based on the results of this study, the public health centers should develop an educational program that uses a variety of visual aids and assess the effects of the education on patients with different chronic diseases. After the development of an inclusive education program which will standardize health education effectively and provide a variety of teaching methods, study is needed to measure changes in lifestyle after education and to determine how much knowledge related to hypertension, self-efficacy, and self-care increase